What Is Driving Gender Equality in Secondary Education? Evidence from 57 Developing Countries, 1970–2010

Table 4

Gender parity in secondary education attainment, developing countries: 1970–2010.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	OLS	Random effects	Fixed effects
Bureaucratic quality	0.021	0.0039	0.0020
	(0.015)	(0.0078)	(0.0076)
GDP per capita (ln)	0.048	0.0097	−0.0033
	(0.040)	(0.036)	(0.047)
Average aid over 5 years	0.00078	0.00061	0.00052
	(0.00017)	(0.00017)	(0.00020)
Urbanization	0.631	0.988	1.085
	(0.215)	(0.142)	(0.153)
Youth cohort size	0.010	0.011	0.011
	(0.0050)	(0.0039)	(0.0054)
Armed conflict intensity (ln)	−0.00038	0.0012	0.0012
	(0.0026)	(0.0015)	(0.0015)
Ethnic fractionalization	−0.271	−0.241
	(0.072)	(0.073)
Largest religion (ref: Catholicism)
Protestantism or other	−0.054	−0.051
	(0.059)	(0.054)
Islam	−0.188	−0.177
	(0.057)	(0.051)
Democracy level	0.071	−0.0032	−0.012
	(0.072)	(0.035)	(0.033)
Population	−0.000012	0.000093	0.00025
	(0.000082)	(0.000079)	(0.00016)
1975	−0.0079	−0.0087	−0.0077
	(0.020)	(0.024)	(0.025)
1980	−0.00080	−0.0089	−0.010
	(0.021)	(0.014)	(0.013)
1985	0.020	0.0059	0.0031
	(0.023)	(0.015)	(0.013)
1990	0.048	0.038	0.035
	(0.019)	(0.013)	(0.011)
1995	0.065	0.054	0.048
	(0.018)	(0.012)	(0.011)
Constant	−0.051	0.144	−0.0094
	(0.360)	(0.293)	(0.344)
	0.57		0.48
	409	409	409

; ; .