What Is Driving Gender Equality in Secondary Education? Evidence from 57 Developing Countries, 1970–2010

Table 7

Gender parity in secondary education attainment, developing countries: 1970–2010. Lagged dependent variable included.

	OLS	Random effects	Fixed effects
Bureaucratic quality	0.0075	0.0068	−0.0042
	(0.0087)	(0.0087)	(0.0077)
GDP per capita (ln)	0.025	0.026	−0.027
	(0.022)	(0.023)	(0.048)
Average aid over 5 years	0.00028	0.00028	0.00048
	(0.00011)	(0.00012)	(0.00020)
Urbanization	0.159	0.185	1.064
	(0.163)	(0.176)	(0.358)
Youth cohort size	0.0068	0.0069	0.0081
	(0.0032)	(0.0032)	(0.0052)
Armed conflict intensity (ln)	−0.0010	−0.0010	0.00032
	(0.0013)	(0.0013)	(0.0014)
Ethnic fractionalization	−0.110	−0.118
	(0.064)	(0.068)
Largest religion (ref. cat: Catholicism)
Protestantism or other	−0.0093	−0.012
	(0.027)	(0.028)
Islam	−0.056	−0.062
	(0.029)	(0.031)
Democracy level	0.010	0.012	−0.012
	(0.024)	(0.025)	(0.034)
Gender parity	0.617	0.585	−0.029
	(0.166)	(0.178)	(0.246)
Population	0.000020	0.000022	0.00023
	(0.000029)	(0.000030)	(0.00018)
1975	−0.024	−0.026	−0.035
	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.019)
1980	−0.040	−0.040	−0.032
	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.016)
1985	−0.024	−0.023	−0.017
	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.014)
1990	0.010	0.011	0.018
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.0091)
1995	0.013	0.014	0.034
	(0.0090)	(0.0089)	(0.0081)
Constant	−0.066	−0.051	0.319
	(0.171)	(0.174)	(0.371)
R^2	0.75		0.46
N	361	361	361

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