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| Alternative conceptions | England | Turkey |
| % | % |
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| Gene concept | | |
| Genes that determine an individual’s inherited characteristics are only found in sex cells. (Item (2)) | 16 | 27 |
| The gene for eye colour is located in the iris because iris is the part of the eye responsible for eye colour. (Item (5)) | (5) | 17 |
| The X and Y chromosomes, which are found in a sperm cell, carry all the genes. (Item (5)) | (6) | 17 |
|
| Chromosome concept | | |
| Sex chromosomes are only found in sex cells. (Item (8)) | 10 | 11 |
| The chromosomes, which determine the sex of an organism, are located only in the sex cells because a sperm cell can carry X or Y chromosomes and an egg cell can carry only X chromosome. (Item (8)) | 28 | 36 |
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| Relationships among gene, chromosome, and DNA | | |
| DNA is made of chromosomes. (Item (1)) | (5) | 19 |
| Chromosomes make up genes. (Item (2)) | (9) | 15 |
| Chromosomes form DNA. (Items (4)) | 25 | 25 |
| Gene contains chromosomes and DNA. (Item (10)) | (6) | 11 |
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| Relationships between cell divisions and inheritance | | |
| Sperm cells of an organism have identical genes. (Item (7)) | 15 | 27 |
| Somatic cells of an individual have different genes. (Item (10)) | 14 | 12 |
| If the somatic cells did not undergo mitosis, the number of their chromosomes would be doubled. (Item (11)) | 10 | (7) |
| Zygote undergoes meiosis for reducing its number of chromosomes to half. (Item (12)) | 11 | (8) |
| Sex cells form a zygote by the process of meiosis. (Item (12)) | (7) | 18 |
| Inherited characteristics are carried only by sex chromosomes. (Items (2) and (13)) | 23 | 26 |
| Parent’s genes are transferred to the offspring by sex chromosomes of the father and the mother at fertilisation. (Item (13)) | 21 | 17 |
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