Automation of Function Assignment in the Models of Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition

Table 1

Research studies on various stages of language production.

Strategies	Targeted processes or stages in language production	Example studies and findings
Rehearsal/task repetition (providing learners with an opportunity to perform the task before the formal performance [40])	Conceptualization, formulation, and articulation in Levelt’s model	First, input repetition times are of great help to the content of story retelling. In addition, with the increase of input repetition times, fluency and lexical complexity have also improved. However, there has been no improvement in language accuracy; second, the output repetition times do not contribute to the retelling of the content of the story. However, the linguistic aspects of language production, except vocabulary complexity, have all improved [46].
Strategic planning (planning before performing a task)	Conceptualization in Levelt’s model	Contributes to greater fluency and syntactic complexity [47].
Unpressured within-task planning (planning while performing a task) and strategic planning	Formulation and conceptualization in Levelt’s model	Unpressured within-task planning functions well in “eliciting complex, advanced structures” while strategic planning facilitates conceptualization by facilitating “the production of item-based and easy structures” [48].