Research Article
Frequency, Severity, Rate, and Causes of Moral Distress among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
The level of moral distress in terms of demographic characteristic of participants.
| Variables | MDTa | MDS − rc | Mean ± SDb | Mean ± SD | Frequency | Intensity | Total |
| Gender | Male | 3.0 ± 2.8 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | Female | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 2.6 | -value | 0.154 | 0.192 | 0.006 | 0.020 |
| Age (years) | 21–23 | 2.8 ± 2.7 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 24–26 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 2.8 | ≥27 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | -value | 0.583 | 0.751 | 0.471 | 0.527 |
| Academic semester | 7 | 2.8 ± 2.9 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 8 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 2.5 | -value | 0.354 | 0.957 | 0.246 | 0.766 |
| Marital status | Single | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 2.4 | Married | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 2.4 | -value | 0.745 | 0.316 | 0.407 | 0.776 |
| Work experience (in months) | 0 | 2.3 ± 2.3 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 1–6 | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | ≥7 | 4.1 ± 3.8 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | -value | 0.194 | 0.961 | 0.695 | 0.986 |
| Participation in occupational ethics workshop | Yes | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | No | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 2.7 | -value | 0.852 | 0.194 | 0.730 | 0.415 |
| Grade point average (based on 20) | 14.7–16.2 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 16.3–17.8 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 17.9–19.3 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | -value | 0.566 | 0.576 | 0.880 | 0.821 |
| Total | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 2.4 |
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Note. aMDT: Moral Distress Thermometer, bSD: standard deviation, cMoral Distress Scale-revised.
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