Potential Hazards Associated with Raw Donkey Milk Consumption: A Review

Table 1

Microorganisms isolated from donkey milk.

Bacterial species	Microbial load; cfuml	Country	References
E. coli; S. aureus	10	Italy	Conte et al., 2002 [77]
E. coli	2.7x10^10	Italy	Conte et al., 2003 [78]
Staphylococcus sp.	2x10^2; 10
Ps. aeruginosa,; Str. zooepidemicus,; Str. intermedius,; S. hyicus	10
S. aureus, S. intermedius,; Str. dysgalactiae,; Str. epidermidis	10	Italy	Conte et al., 2005[14]
En. sakazakii; En. cloacae; En. agglomerans	n.d.	Italy	Conte and Passantino, 2008 [23]
S. aureus; Fungi	10^1; 0.69∗	China	Zhang et al., 2008 [79]
Staphylococcus spp.; S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. chromogenes	n.d.	Italy	Naccari et al., 2009 [35]
S. aureus, Str. equi,; Str. equisimilis,; Str. acidominimus		Italy	Pilla, 2010 [24]
S. aureus; E. coli; Listeria spp.	10; 10^2; n.d.	Italy	Colavita et al., 2010 [80]
S. aureus	27∗∗		Cascone et al., 2011 [70]
S. aureus	<10		Salerno et al., 2011 [81]
B. cereus	1.2 x 10^3	Italy	Scatassa et al., 2011 [25]
E. coli (STEC serotypes)	n.d.	Iran	Momtaz et al., 2012 [28]
S. aureus	n.d.	Italy	Conte et al., 2012 [82]
E. coli O157; Campylobacter coli	<10	Italy	Albeghini et al., 2012 [27]
B. cereus	1.3x10^2	Italy	Cavallarin et al., 2015[83]
S. aureus; Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus	n.d.	Italy	Ragona et al., 2016 [33]
Staphylococcus spp.; Yeasts and molds	1.6x10^3 ∗∗; 4.9 x 10^3∗∗	Greece and Cyprus	Malissiova et al., 2016 [84]
B. cereus	<10	Italy	Giribaldi et al., 2017 [26]
E. coli O157; Campylobacter coli	<10	Italy	Mottola et al., 2018 [29]

⁢At present Cr. sakazakii; n.d.=not determined; ∗log cfuml; ∗∗m.v.=maximum value.