|
| Biodegradable film | Substrate | Production | Suitability for application | Reference |
|
| Polylactic acid (PLA) | Sugars or impure carbon substrates (starch, molasses, or whey) | Two-stage degradation processes: (1) hydrolytic and (2) enzymatic | Compositing and lamination | Nilsuwan et al. [54] |
| Corn starch/blueberry | Corn starch, blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) | Starch extraction and production of blueberry powder | pH indicator (rich in anthocyanin, changes color in different pH conditions) | Luchese et al. [55] |
| Starch/PLA canna | Mixture of PLA, compatibilizer, starch, and zinc stearate | Mixing (miscibility) | Thermal stability of antimicrobial activity | Mania et al. [56]; Morales and Calle [57] |
| Cellulose nanofiber | Fruit fiber | Steam pressure and water treatment and neutralization and drying; wet grinding | High heat resistance, good discharge capacity, and improved electrolyte wettability | Sun et al. [58] |
| Chitosan | Shells of shrimps (chitin) | Washing shells, dried, and mesh homogenizing; demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation | Coating, biocompatibility, anticholesteremic, ion sequestering actions, and antimicrobial activity | De Queiroz Antonino et al. [59] |
| Chitosan/cassava starch | Cassava starch, ~90% DD chitosan | Two-stage processes: starch casting and coating | Coating | Bangyekan et al. [60] |
| Chitosan/PVA/PCL | 83% DD chitosan, PVA, and PCL | Dispersion processes, heating, and mixing | Laminating and coating | Yar et al. [61] |
| Chitosan/PVA | ~85% DD chitosan | Dispersion of chitosan and mixing; crosslinking of mixture at freeze-thaw cycles | | Bi et al. [62] |
| Chitosan-fungal | 75-85% DD chitosan, mushroom (Tricholoma terreum) | Mixing chitosan and mushroom extract; film-forming by casting. | Antimicrobial and antioxidant | Koc et al. [63] |
| Protein film | Dehydrated lentil | Protein extraction and purification, mixing, and thin casting | Crosslinked by transglutaminase | Tinoco et al. [64] |
| Protein-lipid film | Soybean | Extraction of soymilk slurry, ohmic heating/water bath heating, and film casting and drying | Improving hydrophilicity | Lei et al. [65] |
| Ozone-starch film | Potato, ozone | Starch extraction, dispersion, ozonation, gelatinization, casting, and drying | Increases number of carbonyl and carboxyl groups | La Fuente et al. [66] |
| Cassava starch/evan film | Starch, Bacillus subtilis natto CCT 7712 | Production of microbial levan | Edible film, coating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, anti-AIDS, and hyperglycaemic inhibitor | Mantovan et al. [67] |
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