Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review
Table 1
Human milk proteins and their biological functions.
Biological function
Bioactive protein
Nutrition
α-CN
β-CN
κ-CN
α-La
Digestion and absorption of nutrients
β-CN
α-La
α-Antitrypsin
Antichymotrypsin
Enzymes
Amylase
Lipase stimulated by bile salt α- α-La (calcium and zinc)
Nutrient carrier proteins
β-CN (calcium, zinc, and phosphorus)
Folate-binding protein (folate)
Haptocorrin (B12 vitamin)
Lf (iron)
Intestinal development
Growth factors
Lf
Immune defense
α-La
κ-CN
Lf
Cytokines
Haptocorrin
Lactoperoxidase
Lysozyme
Osteopontin
Secretory IgA IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE
Prebiotic
α-La
Lf
Glycans
MFGM proteins(1)
Cognitive development
Lf
MFGM proteins(1)
MFGM proteins(1): some bioactive proteins (mucin-1, butyrophilin, CD36, adipophilin, and lactadherin) that are inserted in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). CN: casein; La: α-lactalbumin; Lf: lactoferrin; Ig: immunoglobulin. Source: Ballard and Morrow [29], Donovan [64], and Haschke et al. [94].
