Abstract
Distribution and lack of nidogen-1, part of numerous basement membranes, were studied in the mouse eye. For that purpose, eyes of C57BL/6 and nidogen-1 knockout mice were stained immunohistochemically for nidogen-1, and intraocular pressure measurements and light- and electron microscopy were used to study the nidogen-1 knockout animals. In normal mice, nidogen-1 was present in many basement membranes, but showed irregularities underneath the corneal epithelium, in Bruch’s membrane and in the iris. Homozygous knockout of nidogen-1 in the mouse showed only mild pathological changes. In the anterior eye segment, small interruptions were noted in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium without further consequences. In the posterior eye segment, interruptions of the inner limiting membrane led to small retinal ectopias and subsequent changes in the optic nerve. In summary, the knockout of nidogen-1 showed mild but significant morphological changes pointing to the importance of this protein which can in part, but not completely; be replaced by nidogen-2.
1. Introduction
Basement membranes form the natural supporting structure upon which cells migrate, proliferate, and differentiate. They contain a tissue-specific composition of extracellular matrix components, containing collagen type IV, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and nidogen. In mammals the nidogen family consists of two members, nidogen 1 and 2. Both isoforms bind to a wide spectrum of BM-associated proteins, and it has been proposed that they act as connecting elements between the laminin and collagen IV networks [1–4].
Nidogen-1-deficient animals show only mild phenotypes [5–7]; most BMs are ultrastructurally normal, and there is little change in cellular or tissue morphology. The homozygous knockout animals are generally healthy, have a normal lifespan, and are fertile. Specific settings reveal mild neurological abnormalities in these animals [5, 8]. Nidogen-2-deficient animals show no primary phenotype, but are more sensitive to pathologies like hypertension [9] and cancer [10–12]. Double mutants lacking both isoforms die shortly after birth with abnormalities directly related to defects in BM assembly [13, 14].
In the eye, nidogen-1 is described to be present in numerous basement membranes. Studies in the mouse are, however, restricted to the cornea and retina [15, 16]. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of nidogen in the normal adult murine eye and to describe the phenotype after nidogen-1 knockout. In our primary hypothesis, we suspected a link between basement membrane changes and ocular hypertension which, however, could not be verified.
2. Material and Methods
For the distribution of nidogen-1 in the eye, five three-month-old C57BL/6 mice were used. To study the phenotype of nidogen-1 knockout mice, ten animals were kindly provided from the colony described previously [6, 13, 14]. In this colony, exon 3 of the NID1 gene was deleted. Genetic testing revealed that two of these animals had a wild-type genotype, four were heterozygous expressing nidogen-1 to a lower level, and four were homozygous, showing a complete knockout of nidogen-1. All animals were raised and kept in accordance to the federal rules of animal care.
2.1. Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Measurements
IOP was measured immediately prior to sacrification of the animals as described previously [17]. In brief, the animals were deeply anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of 20 IU of a 5% ketamine hydrochloride/xylazine solution. The head was fixed on a board and the eye punctured with a 33G needle, connected to a pressure measuring system. The needle remained for two to five minutes in the anterior chamber of the eye with a constant recording of the pressure.
2.2. Immunofluorescence
Sagittal and tangential 14 μm thick frozen cryostat sections through the mouse eye were mounted on poly-L-lysine covered glass slides. Incubation was performed overnight at room temperature using a monoclonal rat anti entactin/nidogen 1 antibody (MAB1946; Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, CA, USA) diluted 1 : 200. After rinsing in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4, a mouse-adsorbed biotinylated goat-anti-rat Ig antibody (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) was added at the same concentration for one hour. The staining was visualized with a Cy3-conjugated Streptavidin complex (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories Inc., West Grove, PA, USA), diluted 1 : 1000. The slides were mounted with glycerine jelly and viewed under an Aristoplan fluorescence microscope (Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany).
2.3. Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Small specimens of the anterior and posterior eye segment and of the optic nerve were immersion fixed in a solution containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2.5% paraformaldehyde, and 0.05% picric acid for several days. The specimens were then rinsed in cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2), incubated in OsO4 for 2 hours, dehydrated and embedded in Epon.
Semithin sections of 1 μm were stained with toluidine blue and examined by light microscopy. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and viewed with a Zeiss electron microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Nidogen-1 in the Normal Mouse Eye
In the anterior eye segment, nidogen-1 immunoreactivity was seen in the epithelial cells lining the ciliary body, in the trabecular meshwork, and at both sides of Descement’s membrane right next to the endothelial cells (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). No consistent staining could be observed in the basal membrane of the corneal epithelium and within the iris.
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In the posterior eye segment, immunoreactivity was seen in the inner limiting membrane of the retina, at the border line of the optic nerve towards the pia mater, and in the basal membrane of larger vessels in the perioptic tissue, sclera, and choroid (Figure 1(c)). Bruch’s membrane showed an inconsistent staining. Within the retina, the outer capillaries showed less intense staining than the vessels in the nerve fibre layer (Figure 1(d)).
Eyes of the heterozygous nidogen-1 knockout mice revealed the same staining pattern as normal controls. There was also no difference regarding the staining intensity. Homozygous nidogen-1 knockout mice showed no staining indicating true knockout and sensitivity of the antibody for nidogen-1 (Figure 2(c)).
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3.2. Phenotype of Nidogen-1 Knockout Mouse Eye
Only minimal changes were observed in the anterior eye segment of homozygous nidogen-1 knockout mice. The basal lamina of the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body showed small interruptions (data not shown). The contacting epithelial cells showed no morphological alterations. All other tissues were completely normal (trabecular meshwork, cornea, iris, ciliary muscle; Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). The intraocular pressure was not altered (C57BL/6 mice: 11.5, 12, 12.5 cmH2O; wild-type litter mates: 9.5, 10, 11.5 and 12.5 cmH2O; heterozygous nidogen-1 knockout: 8.5, 9, 14 cmH2O; homozygous nidogen-1 knockout: 14, 14, 11, 14 cmH2O).
In the posterior eye segment, obvious changes were restricted to the inner limiting membrane of the retina. At places, the basal membrane was completely lacking forming small holes. These areas were more often found in the central region around the optic nerve. Neural tissue prolapsed through these holes into the vitreous cavity (Figures 2(d) and (3)). This tissue contained mostly of optic nerve fibers, occasionally also optic ganglion cells were seen displaced in this prolapsed tissue. Although no significant loss of nerve fibres was seen in optic nerve cross sections (estimated number of optic nerve fibres heterozygous knock-out: 95000, homozygous knockout: 92000; area of optic nerve cross section heterozygous knockout: 190376 μm2, homozygous knock-out: 185165 μm2), an increase of degenerating nerve fibres was detected in the homozygous knockout mice versus the heterozygous animals and the controls (Figure 4).
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The remaining retinal tissue, Bruch’s membrane, and the choroid appeared completely normal.
4. Discussion
4.1. Anterior Eye Segment
The distribution of nidogen-1 in the C57BL/6 mouse cornea confirmed the findings of Balb/c mice [15] and of young human donors [18, 19]. The inconsistent staining in the corneal epithelial basement membrane showed no local characteristics as known for other basement membrane components [20]. Similar to human, bovine, and newt eyes [18, 21, 22] nidogen-1 is present in the murine trabecular meshwork, pronounced toward the outflow channels (Schlemm’s canal). For the first time, we describe the presence of nidogen-1 in both basement membranes of the ciliary epithelium.
Since nidogen-1 is present in all tissues related to aqueous humour turnover we carefully studied possible changes in homozygous nidogen-1 knockout mice. To our surprise, there was no severe morphological alteration other than small holes in the basement membrane of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. These changes did not affect the underlying epithelial cells. The trabecular meshwork appeared completely unchanged. The functional integrity was confirmed by measuring normal levels of intraocular pressure.
The changes in the lens capsule present in nidogen-1 knockout mice [5] could not be investigated in these animals due to the direct intraocular pressure measurements.
4.2. Posterior Eye Segment
Within the retina we extended the finding described in 1 and 12 months old C57BL/6 mice [16] to the fact that nidogen-1 is already present in the inner limiting membrane of 3 months old animals. Therefore, nidogen-1 is not only present in older animals but already in younger adults. Furthermore, we observed an inconsistent staining of Bruch’s membrane. There is no visual data on nidogen distribution in the human retina but it is mentioned as basement-membrane-like distributed in the tables of some publications [23, 24].
The inner limiting membrane disruptions found in homozygous nidogen-1 knockout mice were highly specific and present in all animals studied. They were not present in nidogen-2 knockout animals (own unpublished results). The phenomenon of “retinal ectopias” was only recently described in a mouse model of muscle-eye-brain disease [25]. Therefore, knockout of POMGnT1 leads to a thinning of the inner limiting membrane with frequent breaks. Similar changes are described in mice [26] and after knockout of β2 laminin [27]. Interestingly, no literature exists about the described phenomenon of retinal ectopia outside the mouse.
Concerning nidogen, there is no human disease directly related to the lack of nidogen-1. Although antibodies against nidogen were reported in Chagas disease and American cutaneous leishmaniasis [28], the ocular pathology described in these conditions [29, 30] differs markedly from that described in this paper.
Since only the inner limiting membrane was affected, it is tempting to speculate that specific mechanical forces might stress this basement membrane and therefore depend highly on the presence of nidogen. Among these factors, eye movement in general might play a role and, concerning dimensions of the mouse eye, the passive movements of the lens pulling the thin vitreous layer. The latter may also account for the fact that this phenomenon has never been described in animals with a different lens-vitreous ratio.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.