Purification of Crocin-I from <i>Gardenia</i> Yellow by Macroporous Resin Columns In-Series and Its Antidepressant-Like Effect

Jiang, Yu; Lin, Susu; Li, Qiaoqiao; Tong, Yingpeng; Wang, Ping

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7651553

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 7651553 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7651553

Purification of Crocin-I from Gardenia Yellow by Macroporous Resin Columns In-Series and Its Antidepressant-Like Effect

Yu Jiang,¹Susu Lin,¹Qiaoqiao Li,¹Yingpeng Tong,²and Ping Wang¹

Academic Editor: Sedat Yurdakal

Received17 Sept 2021

Revised11 Dec 2021

Accepted30 Dec 2021

Published18 Jan 2022

Abstract

In this study, the purification of crocin-I from Gardenia yellow by macroporous resin columns in-series was systematically investigated. The in-series macroporous adsorption resins consisting of XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resins were selected on the basis of the evaluation of performance and separation characteristics of 17 kinds of resins, including the adsorption capacities, desorption ratio, and separation degree. According to the analysis results, the optimum conditions were as follows: bed volume ratio of XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resins, sample volume, flow rate, and methanol concentration were 3 : 1, 5 BV, 15 BV/h, and 70%, respectively (BV was the bed volume of XAD 4 resin). After one run treatment, the separation degree of crocin-I at 254 nm and 440 nm decreased from 1.92 to 0.08 () and from 0.71 to 0.36 (), respectively. The results showed that the in-series macroporous resins revealed a high capacity in the purification of crocin-I. Meanwhile, in the animal experiment, the forced swimming tests were regulated by crocin-I and Gardenia yellow, which demonstrated that crocin-I was the main constituent of Gardenia yellow and had potential antidepressant biological activities.

1. Introduction

Fructus Gardenia, also known as zhizi (栀子) in China, is the dried fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Eills [1, 2]. As a traditional Chinese medicine, it is widely used in the clinical treatment of jaundice, coronary heart disease, infantile fever, contusion, and other diseases, including the main bioactive ingredients of iridoids, Gardenia yellow, organic acid, and so on [3, 4]. Gardenia yellow is a mixture of total crocetin derivatives which could be extracted from Fructus Gardenia by aqueous ethanol solution [5] and then purified by macroporous resins [6] or gel chromatography. Meanwhile, it is a water-soluble pigment and is extensively applied in the food, dye, and cosmetic industries [7].

Crocin-I (Figure 1), a digentiobiosyl ester of crocetin [8], is the most abundant ingredient in Gardenia yellow, which is also the active ingredient with the highest content in saffron. Numerous studies have confirmed that crocin-I exhibits various pharmacological properties on cerebral ischemia [9, 10], depression [11], anxiety [12], atherosclerosis [13], hyperlipidemia [14], hypertension [15], and other diseases [16–18]. And it can also be used for enhancing abilities of learning and memory [19], antinociceptive [20], anti-inflammatory [20], and antitumor effects [21].

A great number of methods have been adopted to purify crocin-I from saffron, Fructus Gardenia or Gardenia yellow, including silica gel, preparative TLC (thin layer chromatography) [22], sephadex gel [23], preparative C18 HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) [24], semipreparative low-pressure liquid chromatography [25], macroporous resins [26, 27], and high-speed countercurrent chromatography [28]. Among them, macroporous resin chromatography has been confirmed to be a fast, low-cost, high-yield, certain-selectivity, and environmentally friendly purification method, which can be easily used in industrial-scale manufacture [29]. Furthermore, the macroporous adsorption resins have the advantages of good stability, easy regeneration, and long lifetime [30]. So far, there have been some researchers who adapted the approach of macroporous resins to purify crocins from the Fructus Gardenia. Chen et al. [7] evaluated the performance and separation characteristics of nine macroporous resins and chose HPD722 to purify Gardenia yellow from Gardenia jasminoides var. owing to its strong adsorption and desorption capacity as well as high selectivity.

As shown in the literature, the adsorption process of macroporous resins is a multilayer adsorption process through intermolecular hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals’ force, with the inductive effect transmitted from the first layer to a higher layer or multilayers [31]. And macroporous resins often achieve chemical modification by introducing special functional groups into the matrix of the polymeric adsorbents, which can improve the adsorption capacity for organic compounds and obtain a higher adsorption selectivity for some specific organic compounds by modifying the chemical composition of absorbent surface [32]. The traditional techniques of macroporous resins are usually carried out with only one resin chosen by adsorption and desorption properties, but the broad-spectrum separation characteristics of resins always lead to lower purity and more operational processes. Thus, some researchers created novel and highly efficient approaches by using two or more kinds of macroporous resins to purify the target bioactive compounds, such as a multichannel parallel-serial chromatographic system packed with macroporous resins [31], mixed-mode macroporous resins by a physical blending method [33], a mixed bed of macroporous resins [34–36], and so on. Therefore, investigations of the mixed and simultaneous use of macroporous resins are of great importance.

According to statistics, there are some biological samples purified by the resins mixed bed, which have been widely applied in industrial-scale manufacturing because of their high separation selectivity and production efficiency. But crocin-I has not been purified through these methods yet. By the way, there are still no reports on using macroporous resin column in-series to separate and enrich crocin-I from Gardenia yellow, which may be informative for the purification of natural products from complex plant extracts. In our study, we carried out the study with macroporous resin columns in-series to significantly increase the purity of crocin-I from Gardenia yellow through investigation of resin selection and optimization of the bed volume ratio of in-series macroporous resins, sample volume, flow rate, and methanol concentration. Then, we compared the antidepressant-like effects of crocin-I and Gardenia yellow following subacute administration (for 10 days) to ensure whether crocin-I was the main antidepressant compound of Gardenia yellow. Fluoxetine, a selective reuptake inhibitor of 5-HT (serotonin), was administered as a positive control group. The behavioral model for depression evaluation was the forced swimming test, and the weight, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) of mice were performed to investigate for adverse effects.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Chemicals, Reagents, and Adsorbents

Gardenia yellow was purchased from Henan Yongshun Chemical Co., Ltd. (Henan, China, no: 20170506). Crocin-I and fluoxetine were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The HPLC-grade methanol was supplied by Tedia Company, Inc. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were of analytical grade.

Macroporous resins including ADS-7, XAD 7HP, D101, ADS-17, XAD 16, XAD 4, XAD 1600N, AB-8-II, XAD 761, HP 20, XAD 18, HP2MGL, SP 825, SP 70, SP 700, HP 21, and SP 207 were provided from H&E Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The physical and chemical properties are listed in Table 1. Before use, the resins were pretreated by soaking in ethanol for 24 h and then washed with ultrapure water to remove the monomers and porogenic agents.

2.2. Animals

C57BL/6 mice, male, weighing 18–24 g, were purchased from Shanghai Shrike Experimental Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The experimental animals were all bred at the Experimental Animal Center of Zhejiang University of Technology with license No. SCXK (Zhejiang) 2008–0033. Breeding rooms were kept well ventilated and lighting was provided for 12 h per day at a temperature of 22 to 25°C with a humidity of 60%–70%. All the mice were fed for 1 week to adapt to the environment and were weighed to remove mice that were underweight or overweight to conduct the following tests.

2.3. HPLC Analysis of Samples

All samples were performed on an Agilent ODS C₁₈ column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) by using an Agilent 1260 HPLC system at 30°C. The injection volume was 10 μL, and the wavelength of the DAD (diode array detector) was set at 254 nm and 440 nm. The mobile phase consisted of methanol (solvent A) and water (solvent B), and the gradient was gradually changed from 45% A to 85% A within 20 min at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Visibly, the HPLC chromatogram of Gardenia yellow at 254 nm is shown in Figure 2. The calibration curve of crocin-I () was obtained in the range of 0.104–1.56 mg/mL with good linearity (R² > 0.9993), where P represented the peak area of crocin-I at 440 nm and C represented its concentration in the standard solution (mg/mL).

(a)

(b)

2.4. Adsorption and Desorption Experiments

The adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out as follows: pretreated macroporous resins (equal to 0.500 g dry resins) and 40 mL of 20 mg/mL Gardenia yellow were put into centrifuge tubes, which were shaken at room temperature for 12 h. After washing with ultrapure water three times, the resins were soaked with a 20 mL methanol solution in centrifuge tubes and shaken at room temperature for 12 h. The solutions were diluted with an equal amount of water and analyzed by HPLC, respectively. The adsorption capacities and desorption ratios are calculated bywhere Q_t is the resin adsorption capacity of crocin-I at time t (mg/g); D_t is the desorption ratio of resins (%); C₀, C_t, and C_d represent the crocin-I content of the sample solution at the beginning, at time t, and the desorption solution, respectively (mg/mL); V₀ and V_d denote the volume of the adsorption and desorption solutions added to the centrifuge tubes (mL), respectively; and M represents the weight of the dry resins (g).

2.5. Purification Process Optimization of Crocin-I by Macroporous Resins Columns In-Series

According to the results of adsorption and desorption experiments, two types of resins were packed into the macroporous resin columns in-series (Figure 3), respectively. Then, the effects of selected macroporous resins (XAD 4∼XAD 1600N, XAD 4∼ADS-7, XAD 4∼HP2MGL, and XAD 4∼XAD 7HP), elute rate (5–30 BV/h), sample volume (2.5–15 BV), bed volume ratio of resins (1 : 1–5 : 1), and methanol concentration (40–80%) on the purity and yield of crocin-I were investigated.

2.6. Antidepressant-Like Effect of Crocin-I and Gardenia Yellow

2.6.1. Grouping and Administration

88 mice were divided into 8 groups randomly, and each experimental group contained 11 mice. The groups were as follows: Group I (ultrapure water control group; 0.1 mL/10 g), Group II-IV (crocin-I; 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg), Group V-VII (Gardenia yellow; 30, 70, and 120 mg/kg), and Group VIII (fluoxetine; 20 mg/kg). All drugs were given by intragastric (i.g.) administration at 10–11 a.m. for 10 days.

2.6.2. Behaviour Tests

In the study, animals were evaluated in the forced swimming test (FST). The behaviour tests were carried out 1 h after administration. The forced swimming test was performed on the 11^th day after the pretest on the 10^th day in order to minimize the interference of tests because the FST is a more stressful task than the tail suspension test [37].

2.7. Statistical Analysis

All data of animal experiments were expressed as mean () ± standard deviation (S). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (statistical product and service solutions) software, and the difference between groups was considered statistically significant when .

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Adsorption and Desorption Experiments

The optimum macroporous resins were preliminary evaluated by their adsorption and desorption abilities, and separation degrees ( and ) for crocin-I are given bywhere represents the separation degree between crocin-I and impurities which were shown at 254 nm but not shown at 440 nm; represents the separation degree between crocin-I and impurities only shown at 440 nm; and , , , and represent the peak areas of crocin-I shown at 254 nm, crocin-I shown at 440 nm, impurities shown at 254 nm, but not shown at 440 nm, and impurities shown at 440 nm, respectively.

Except and , recovery ratio (R) was also confirmed as the index to screen optimal macroporous resins, because the meaning of high recovery ratio is resource conservation and more production,which is given bywhere R (%) represents the recovery ratio of crocin-I from Gardenia yellow; C_dc and C_ic represent the concentration of crocin-I in the desorption solution and initial solution, respectively (mg/mL); and V_d and V_i represent the volume of desorption solution and initial solution, respectively (mL).

When the content of impurities notably became lower with a higher decreasing extent than the content change of crocin-I, and would be reduced, which means that the purity of crocin-I increased after treatment of macroporous resin columns in-series. On the contrary, when the purity of crocin-I decreased, and would become larger. Thus, and were as small as possible, displaying the application effect of macroporous resin columns in-series intuitively.

The results of adsorption capacities (Q_t), desorption ratio (D), and separation degree ( and ) are shown in Table 2. The adsorption capacities order of optimal five kinds of macroporous resins was XAD 1600N > SP 700 > XAD 16 > D101 > AB-8-II, the desorption ratio order of optimal five kinds of macroporous resins was HP 21 > ADS 17 > XAD 4 > SP 207 > XAD 18, and the separation degree order of crocin-I in 254 nm and 440 nm were XAD 4 < SP 825 < SP 207 < SP 700 < XAD 18 and XAD 1600N < ADS-7 < HP 2MGL < XAD 7HP < ADS 17, respectively. Compared with the initial solution, the of raffinate after being absorbed by XAD 4 became significantly lower, showing that this resin had good performance for the adsorption ability of impurities shown at 254 nm, but not shown at 440 nm, which might be determined as monoterpenoids of Gardenia yellow. Meanwhile, the of raffinates after absorbed by XAD 1600N, ADS-7, HP2MGL, and XAD 7HP became lower than that of the initial solution, which indicated that these four kinds of macroporous resins had better performance in the adsorption abilities of impurities shown at 440 nm. The adsorption characteristics of impurities and crocin-I on resins are not only related to the polarity, functional groups, and structure of impurities and crocin-I, but also associated with the specific surface area, pore diameter, and polarity of resins. The XAD 4 macroporous resin with SDVB material is always used to remove organic solvents and small molecular nonpolar substances. Substances are absorbed into the pore wall of this resin under the action of intermolecular force and hydrophobicity, which is tightly correlated with the pore size. Impurities shown at 254 nm of Gardenia yellow could be easily absorbed by nonpolar XAD 4 resins with a pore diameter of 35 nm, which only absorb a little substance shown at 440 nm of Gardenia yellow, including crocin-I and structure similar impurities. Thus, XAD 4 resins were chosen as the first resins of the in-series macroporous resins because they could adsorb the impurities shown at 254 nm more and adsorb crocin-I less at the same time, making the D_C-254nm reduce significantly. Meanwhile, XAD 1600N, ADS-7, HP2MGL, and XAD 7HP resins are all formed by different materials to possess different polarity, pore diameter, specific surface area, and particle size. And they possessed good adsorption and desorption capacity for crocin-I with different characteristics of their own. Through summary of the abovementioned data, XAD 1600N, ADS-7, HP2MGL, and XAD 7HP resins were chosen as the optional second resins of the in-series macroporous resins to continue the following experiments.

3.2. Selection of Resins

On basis of the abovementioned experiments, XAD 4 resin was chosen to be installed in series with XAD 1600N, ADS-7, HP2MGL, and XAD 7HP resins, respectively. The elute rate, sample volume, bed volume ratio of resins, and methanol concentration were set as 15 BV/h, 20 BV, 1 : 1, and 70%, respectively. As shown in Table 3, in-series macroporous resins with the XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resins could decrease and more significantly, compared with other combinations of in-series macroporous resins, due to their polarity and dimensional structure, which could make themselves adsorb more impurities and desorb less impurities. XAD 1600N, with a pore diameter of about 15 nm, is a kind of neutral resin without active groups on the surface. And its adsorption capacity is closely related to the pore size for suitable molecules. Crocin-I and impurities shown at 440 nm were suitable for the pore size of XAD 1600N, resulting in massive adsorption by this resin. Thus, the connection of XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resin was regarded as the optimal choice of in-series macroporous resins, in accord with the results of the static and dynamic adsorption tests.

3.3. Effect of Bed Volume Ratio of Resins

Based on the selection of resins, the bed volume ratio of XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resin, one of the main variable factors, must be investigated at a range from 1 : 1 to 5 : 1. Although XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resins both have the same polarity (nonpolar) and material (polystyrene-divinylbenzene), they possess different dimensional structures (specific surface area, particle diameter, and pore diameter), leading to different adsorption and desorption properties of crocin-I and impurities. Thus, the separation degree and recovery ratio could change significantly with the different bed volume ratios. As shown in Figure 4(a), the bed volume ratio of 3 : 1 showed lower and than the others. Generally speaking, the analysis result indicated that XAD 4 resins played a main role in adsorbing the impurity, shown at 254 nm, to increase the separation degree, while XAD 1600N possessed less effect. However, if the bed volume of XAD 4 resins in macroporous resin columns in-series increased too much, there would be more impurities, shown at 440 nm, leading into XAD1600N, which would give the higher and lower purity. Moreover, too little bed volume of XAD 4 resins of in-series macroporous resins would decrease the recovery ratio. Thus, raising the bed volume of XAD 4 resins and reducing that of XAD 1600N resins to a certain extent could decrease and significantly, and 3 : 1 was chosen as the optimal bed volume ratio.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.4. Effect of Sample Volume

Although the bed volume ratio of the resins was defined, the sample volume could affect the purity and yield of crocin-I significantly. Based on the bed volume of XAD 4 resins, the first resins of the macroporous resin columns in-series, the sample volume was investigated within the range of 2.5–15.0 BV. The effect of the sample volume on and is shown in Figure 4(b). When sample volume reached 5.0 BV, and were lower than the others. It has been reported that multiple partition equilibrium among various phases and the different affinity of resins to crocin-I and impurities play dominant roles in the adsorption process. The more sample volume was loaded on the macroporous resin columns in-series, the more crocin-I and impurities were adsorbed on the resins, resulting in overloaded adsorption, which resulted in lower purity of crocin-I and higher and . But when the sample volume was less, the amount of crocin-I loaded on the resins was fewer with the low surface coverage of resins. It made the naked acting loci absorb impurities, which decreased the surface energy and made the number of absorbed impurities larger, resulting in high . Thus, 5.0 BV was the optimal choice of sample volume.

3.5. Effect of Flow Rate

The solute flow rate is also of critical importance to affect the chromatographic behaviors, the reaction between solute and resins, the adsorption capacity and desorption ratio, and the purity and yield of crocin-I. According to the size of the separation glass column and the bed volume of resins, the flow rate was investigated within the range of 5 BV/h to 30 BV/h to determine the influence of the flow rate on adsorption characteristics. As shown in Figure 4(c), when flow rate increased from 5 BV/h to 15 BV/h, raised with the unconspicuous increasing trend; in the meantime, reduced and R increased with the growth of flow rate. Then, raised significantly with an increase in flow rate from 20 BV/h to 30 BV/h. That might be due to the reduced contact time between solute and active sites of the adsorbent at a higher flow rate, leading to incomplete adsorption of crocin-I and impurities on resins [38]. Therefore, 15 BV/h was selected as the optimal flow rate.

3.6. Effect of Methanol Concentration

The methanol solution was adapted as the eluent to desorb crocin-I from XAD 1600N macroporous resins, and the concentration played an important role to affect the separation degree and yield of crocin-I, so methanol concentration was investigated from 40% to 80% (v/v). As shown in Figure 4(d), the decreased and recovery ratio increased as the methanol concentration increased from 40% (v/v) to 70% (v/v). On one hand, more crocin-I can be desorbed with the higher methanol concentration owing to the less polarity of methanol than water, leading to the higher desorption ratio. On the other hand, the changed distinctly with the change of methanol concentration because crocin-I can be desorbed more in a high concentration of methanol compared with the impurities shown at 440 nm. However, methanol with over high concentration could simultaneously desorb crocin-I and more impurities, which made larger. Therefore, it had the higher desorption efficiency and purified level of crocin-I in 70% methanol solution without the effect of the more binding force, leading to a higher recovery ratio, and therefore, 70% methanol solution was chosen to be the optimal eluent. It could be found that the purity of crocin-I in the eluate was remarkably enhanced compared with that in the initial sample in the HPLC chromatogram (Figure 2).

3.7. Antidepressant-Like Effect of Crocin-I and Gardenia Yellow

3.7.1. Effects of Crocin-I and Gardenia Yellow on the Weight, AST, and ALT of Depression Mice

As presented in Table 4, the results demonstrated that the weight of mice in the fluoxetine group grew slowly, which was a significant difference from the normal control group, . Meanwhile, the weight of mice administrating crocin-I (40 mg/kg, ) significantly increased compared with that of the normal control group. And there was no significant difference between the other groups and the control group. According to the result of statistical analysis, crocin-I could improve the condition of slow weight growth, and the effect of an intragastric dose with 40 mg/kg crocin-I was more obvious, which indicated that medium-dose crocin-I could improve the appetite of depressed mice significantly, which further meant it might have potential efficacy for depression or have fewer adverse effects than fluoxetine. At the same time, there was no significant difference in AST and ALT between the experimental groups and control groups, which revealed that crocin-I and Gardenia yellow both had no significant effect on liver function, which implied that they both had no adverse effect on liver function, like fluoxetine.

3.7.2. Effects of Crocin-I and Gardenia Yellow in the Forced Swimming Tests

Forced swimming tests were carried out as follows: mice were forced to swim individually in a beaker (3 L, 14 cm in diameter, and 24 cm in height) filled with room temperature water to a height of 20 cm, which ensured that mice could not touch the bottom of the container with their tails and hind paws. The pretests were performed by placing mice into the water for 15 minutes, removing them, drying them, and returning to their home cages. After 24 hours, the tests were carried out for 5 minutes. If the mice did not make attempts to escape, the front paws were put together in an upright position, or if they made only movements to remain floating with their heads above the surface of the water, they could be considered immobile. The total time of immobility was recorded during a 5-minute period, which resembled a state of despair and mental depression.

The effects of crocin-I and Gardenia yellow on the total duration of immobility time in the forced swimming tests of mice are presented in Figure 5. Ten-day treatment with low-dose and high-dose crocin-I (20 and 70 mg/kg) had a more significant effect on immobility time in FST () than that with medium-dose crocin-I (). In addition, intragastric administration of Gardenia yellow (30, 70, and 120 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility time in FST (), which had no significant difference with fluoxetine. Hence, it could be seen that crocin-I and Gardenia yellow could reduce the total duration of immobility time markedly in the forced swimming tests of mice, the same effect as fluoxetine. According to the results, it can be considered that crocin-I and Gardenia yellow have similar effects on depression with fluoxetine.

4. Conclusions

The optimal experimental conditions for purification of crocin-I from Gardenia yellow using macroporous resin columns in-series were as follows: the in-series macroporous resins XAD 4 and XAD 1600N resins, the bed volume ratio of 3 : 1, the sample volume of 5.0 BV, the flow rate of 15 BV/h, and methanol concentration of 70%. The current study also showed the beneficial effects of crocin-I and Gardenia yellow on depression-like behavior. It seemed that crocin-I had the same efficacy for depression as Gardenia yellow, which could be thought that crocin-I is the main component of Gardenia yellow to treat depression.

Data Availability

The data used to support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Key Special Projects of Intergovernmental International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation (2017YFE0130100) and Natural Science Foundation of China (81703688).

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Copyright © 2022 Yu Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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