Seasonally Feed-Related Aflatoxins B₁ and M₁ Spread in Semiarid Industrial Dairy Herd and Its Deteriorating Impacts on Food and Immunity

Table 1

Cluster random sampling and widespread contamination of aflatoxin B₁ in feedstuffs and aflatoxin M₁ in bulk milk during spring, summer, autumn, and winter in thestudy area (see also Figure 1).

Type of feed/milk	Sampling period	Samples,	≥Iran’s permissible level, (%)
Concentrate	April-May	6	4 (66.6)
	July-August	6	3 (50.0)
	November	6	5 (83.3)
	February	6	6 (100.0)
	Total	24	18 (75.0)
Corn silage	April-May	6	4 (66.6)
	July-August	6	3 (50.0)
	November	6	4 (66.6)
	February	6	4 (66.6)
	Total	24	15 (62.5)
TMR	April-May	6	5 (83.3)
	July-August	6	4 (66.6)
	November	6	5 (83.3)
	February	6	6 (100.0)
	Total	24	19 (79.2)
Bulk milk	April-May	49	39 (83.3)
	July-August	51	34 (66.6)
	November	49	39 (83.3)
	February	51	44 (100.0)
	Total	200	156 (78.0)