Review Article

Modification of Food Systems by Ultrasound

Table 4

Application of ultrasound in fruits and vegetables for various purposes.

FoodConditionsPurposeReferences

Alfalfa seedsUS 40 kHz + Ca(OH)2 1%Reduction of E. coli and SalmonellaScouten and Beuchat [29]
StrawberriesUS 40 kHz 350 W/L, 10 minReduction of mesophilic microorganisms, molds, and yeastsCao et al. [30]
LettuceUS 10 W/L, 32–40 kHz, 10 min
US + chlorinated water (25 ppm)
Reduction of S. typhimuriumSeymour et al. [31]
Cherry tomatoUS 45 kHz, 10 min, 25°C
US + peracetic acid (40 mg/L)
Reduction of S. enterica TyphimuriumBrilhante São José and Dantas Vanetti [32]
Lettuce
apples
US 170 kHz, 6–10 min + ClO2 (5 and 1° ppm)Reduction of Salmonella and E. coliHuang et al. [33]
TrufflesUS + ethanol (70%)Reduction of mesophilic microorganisms, molds, yeasts, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and LABSusana Rivera et al. [34]
LettuceUS 20 kHz
US + 100 mg/L Ca(ClO)2
Reduction of aerobic mesophilic bacteriaAjlouni et al. [35]
SpinachUS 200 W/L, 2 min + various sanitizersReduction of E. coli O157:H7Zhou et al. [36]
LettuceUS 37 kHz, 30 minReduction of E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and L. innocuaBirmpa et al. [37]
Cabbage, lettuce, sesame, and spinachUS 40 kHz, 3 min, 23°C + electrolyzed water + washing with waterReduction of E. coli O157:H7Forghani and Oh [38]
Cranberry, nectarine, raspberry and watermelon, garlic, artichoke, leek, and onionUS 40 kHz, 20–60°C, 5, 10, 20 or 30 min2–4-fold increase in the extraction of oligosaccharidesJovanovic-Malinovska et al. [39]
Lychee120 W, 10 minReduction in the degradation of anthocyanins and delayed browningChen et al. [40]
Plum40 kHz, 100 W, 10 minInhibition of respiratory rate (greater firmness), preservation of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, and titratable acidsChen and Zhu [41]
Persimmon50 kHz, 200 W, 1–10 minFirmness retention, higher content of soluble solids, and titratable acidsWang et al. [42]

LAB: lactic acid bacteria.