Customized Cooking Methods Enhance Antioxidant, Antiglycemic, and Insulin-Like Properties of Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera
Table 1
Antioxidant activities, total phenolic content, vitamin C content, and antiglycemic activities of Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera.
Vegetable/processing
Antioxidant activities
Antiglycemic activities
DPPH (%)
TEAC (mmol TE/100 g)
FRAP (mmol FE/100 g)
FRASC (mg AE/100 g)
TPC (mg GAE/100 g)
α-Amylase (%)
α-Glucosidase (%)
Momordica charantia (small bitter gourd)
Raw
13.22 ± 1.03
3.20 ± 0.13
8.46 ± 0.67
13.19 ± 0.45
0.55 ± 0.01
5.68 ± 15.52
21.04 ± 0.73
Boiled
5 minutes
51.62 ± 1.46
11.29 ± 2.13
26.14 ± 1.13
41.43 ± 2.41
0.83 ± 0.03
4.46 ± 5.08
14.83 ± 2.71
10 minutes
54.24 ± 5.14
9.91 ± 0.48
30.99 ± 6.18
50.92 ± 3.26
0.88 ± 0.06
ND
12.54 ± 1.37
20 minutes
45.01 ± 1.03
9.29 ± 0.05
22.63 ± 0.61
37.62 ± 1.73
0.75 ± 0.03
ND
6.64 ± 4.68
Microwaved
5 minutes
54.49 ± 0.82
11.58 ± 2.06
27.10 ± 1.23
44.73 ± 1.52
0.81 ± 0.03
28.22 ± 4.79
11.12 ± 2.51
10 minutes
51.25 ± 1.54
11.28 ± 0.48
26.98 ± 1.75
43.42 ± 1.31
0.83 ± 0.02
21.60 ± 8.18
17.45 ± 5.97
20 minutes
36.78 ± 2.16
8.91 ± 1.16
18.59 ± 0.31
45.81 ± 1.85
0.69 ± 0.02
10.80 ± 5.61
16.03 ± 1.81
Moringa oleifera (drumstick leaves)
Raw
8.85 ± 0.41
4.40 ± 0.43
8.04 ± 0.14
4.60 ± 1.01
0.68 ± 0.04
22.03 ± 1.42
15.82 ± 2.07
Boiled
5 minutes
80.79 ± 0.62
14.54 ± 0.13
48.92 ± 2.68
74.51 ± 4.86
1.12 ± 0.04
10.32 ± 3.41
20.51 ± 4.17
10 minutes
80.67 ± 1.65
14.69 ± 0.05
52.52 ± 1.27
60.59 ± 4.54
1.16 ± 0.06
16.97 ± 8.65
19.25 ± 2.55
20 minutes
82.79 ± 0.62
14.65 ± 0.02
43.72 ± 1.84
43.54 ± 4.09
1.15 ± 0.04
11.62 ± 9.91
13.04 ± 2.06
Microwaved
5 minutes
81.17 ± 1.23
13.78 ± 0.48
54.65 ± 3.71
85.54 ± 1.04
1.12 ± 0.07
14.81 ± 3.93
13.93 ± 2.94
10 minutes
80.23 ± 2.36
14.01 ± 0.58
47.78 ± 1.97
42.00 ± 0.71
1.04 ± 0.11
0.21 ± 8.49
14.83 ± 1.19
20 minutes
84.29 ± 0.41
14.62 ± 0.09
45.36 ± 1.75
62.89 ± 6.61
1.13 ± 0.03
0.19 ± 6.58
21.56 ± 1.94
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (). For each vegetable, values within the same column followed by different superscript alphabets are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05). For the DPPH assay, the IC50 of ascorbic acid standard = 15 μM. For the α-amylase and α-glucosidase assay, the IC50 of acarbose standard = 3.5 µg/mL and 3 mg/mL. ND: Not detected.
