Evaluation of Quality Parameters in Gluten-Free Bread Formulated with Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Flour

Table 3

Mean quality parameter values of experimental gluten-free bread formulas.

Leavening treatment

Specific volume (mL/g)

Cell diameter (mm)

Cell volume (mm^3)

Cells per slice area (cells/cm^2)

Cell wall thickness (mm)

Slice area (mm^2)

Number of cells (mm)

Hardness (N)

pH

Water activity

Flour inclusion level

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

Yeast

Baking powder

0%

3.95 ± 0.24^Aa

3.04 ± 0.40^Ab

2.76 ± 0.26^Aa

2.46 ± 0.13^Aa

8.87 ± 1.38^Aa

9.12 ± 0.51^Aa

69.81 ± 13.82^Aa

64.18 ± 9.06^Aa

0.509 ± 0.015^Aa

0.501 ± 0.007^Ab

3524 ± 506^Aa

3191 ± 156^Aa

1790 ± 299^Aa

1696 ± 84.5^Aa

1.43 ± 2.14^Aa

2.32 ± 3.91^Ab

5.60 ± 0.24^Ab

7.25 ± 0.29^Aa

0.933 ± 0.02^Aa

0.876 ± 0.03^Ab

20%

3.14 ± 0.06^Ba

2.74 ± 0.43^Bb

1.95 ± 0.17^Ba

1.80 ± 0.12^Ba

5.91 ± 0.79^Ba

6.28 ± 0.41^Ba

65.06 ± 12.70^Aa

72.33 ± 15.15^Aa

0.469 ± 0.013^Ba

0.453 ± 0.008^Bb

2916 ± 276^Ba

2765 ± 112^Ba

1806 ± 98.5^Aa

1878 ± 116^Aa

2.27 ± 6.98^Ba

2.87 ± 7.13^Bb

5.59 ± 0.15^Ab

7.32 ± 0.23^Aa

0.910 ± 0.01^Aa

0.885 ± 0.02^Ab

35%

2.60 ± 0.48^Ca

2.37 ± 0.29^Cb

1.93 ± 0.10^Ca

1.52 ± 0.08^Ca

5.94 ± 0.50^Ca

4.62 ± 0.34^Ca

70.71 ± 13.05^Aa

79.38 ± 14.71^Aa

0.471 ± 0.005^Ca

0.423 ± 0.007^Cb

2577 ± 138^Ca

2160 ± 92.1^Ca

1681 ± 104^Aa

1745 ± 75.9^Aa

2.60 ± 2.79^Ca

3.51 ± 10.01^Cb

5.69 ± 0.14^Ab

7.36 ± 0.19^Aa

0.904 ± 0.02^Aa

0.895 ± 0.01^Ab

50%

2.31 ± 0.25^Da

2.08 ± 0.22^Db

1.54 ± 0.04^Da

1.40 ± 0.10^Da

4.35 ± 0.30^Da

3.90 ± 0.50^Da

76.91 ± 9.05^Aa

65.77 ± 10.48^Aa

0.443 ± 0.005^Da

0.404 ± 0.008^Db

2230 ± 165^Da

1946 ± 78.2^Da

1755 ± 128^Aa

1718 ± 84.2^Aa

3.01 ± 6.86^Da

3.85 ± 11.60^Db

5.61 ± 0.23^Ab

7.28 ± 0.14^Aa

0.920 ± 0.01^Aa

0.891 ± 0.01^Ab

For each column, mean values with the same upper case superscript are not significantly different (). For each row, mean values with the same lower case superscript are not significantly different ().