Journal of Food Quality

Research Article

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) and Quince (Cydonia oblonga L.) Juices and Their By-Products as Ingredients Showing Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties for Chewing Candy: Nutraceutical Formulations

Table 3

Hardness, colour coordinates, and overall acceptability of gummy candies.


GC		Texture, mJ	Colour coordinates			Overall acceptability
GC		Texture, mJ	L	a	b	Overall acceptability

A	AC	0.20 ± 0.01^a	46.05 ± 4.32^d	1.57 ± 0.28^c	13.63 ± 1.44^e	85.3 ± 4.2^a
	A + Bu J	0.27 ± 0.05^a	28.42 ± 4.55^a	3.72 ± 0.21^e	13.30 ± 2.18^e	114.7 ± 9.5^d
	A + Bu BP	1.00 ± 0.01^d	27.27 ± 1.49^a	2.38 ± 0.23^d	13.20 ± 1.35^e	131.7 ± 10.7^f
	A + Qu J	0.43 ± 0.06^b	31.39 ± 1.98^b	0.94 ± 0.16^a	10.88 ± 1.05^c	107.0 ± 12.1^d
	A + Qu BP	0.80 ± 0.01^c	27.40 ± 0.81^a	0.96 ± 0.06^a	10.08 ± 0.39^b	124.0 ± 10.4^e
	A + Bu BP + Xy	1.00 ± 0.01^d	28.30 ± 1.23^a	2.34 ± 0.17^d	13.04 ± 1.14^e	147.7 ± 2.3^g

G	GC	2.07 ± 0.15^e	48.45 ± 1.46^e	1.56 ± 0.32^c	7.55 ± 1.52^a	90.4 ± 5.1^b
	G + Bu J	3.13 ± 0.12^h	49.44 ± 0.16^e	3.93 ± 0.39^e	27.44 ± 2.15^f	108.7 ± 22.9^d
	G + Bu BP	1.97 ± 0.25^e	34.60 ± 0.88^c	0.94 ± 0.11^a	12.49 ± 0.21^d	99.3 ± 17.6^b,c
	G + Qu J	2.70 ± 0.11^g	58.81 ± 4.53^f	2.29 ± 0.17^d	12.74 ± 1.04^d	132.0 ± 7.8^f
	G + Qu BP	2.53 ± 0.01^f	46.60 ± 0.96^d	1.30 ± 0.14^b	7.54 ± 0.32^a	96.3 ± 6.7^b
	G + Qu J + Xy	2.67 ± 0.09^f	58.62 ± 3.21^f	2.26 ± 0.12^d	12.68 ± 0.93^d	142.0 ± 3.6^g

Influence of different texture-forming agents (A or G), different plants (Bu or Qu), and J or BP C of plants on gummy candy parameters
Source	Dependent variable			Mean square	F

A or G	Texture			26.520	2501.853	0.0001
	Colour coordinates		L	1433.441	252.122	0.0001
			a	0.043	0.837	0.371
			b	1.222	0.708	0.410
	Overall acceptability			199.180	1.217	0.283

Bu or Qu	Texture			0.003	0.287	0.598
	Colour coordinates		L	253.110	44.519	0.0001
			a	11.261	216.690	0.0001
			b	216.300	125.212	0.0001
	Overall acceptability			21.094	0.129	0.723

J or C	Texture			0.020	1.871	0.186
	Colour coordinates		L	425.884	74.884	0.0001
			a	10.534	202.689	0.0001
			b	158.672	91.852	0.0001
	Overall acceptability			70.384	0.430	0.519

A or G × Bu or Qu	Texture			0.011	1.022	0.324
	Colour coordinates		L	146.718	25.806	0.0001
			a	3.197	61.524	0.0001
			b	77.508	44.868	0.0001
	Overall acceptability			550.084	3.362	0.082

A or G × J or C	Texture			2.214	208.900	0.0001
	Colour coordinates		L	205.686	36.177	0.0001
			a	2.653	51.055	0.0001
			b	153.167	88.665	0.0001
	Overall acceptability			2503.084	15.297	0.001

Bu or Qu × J or C	Texture			0.149	14.041	0.001
	Colour coordinates		L	1.109	0.195	0.663
			a	4.234	81.462	0.0001
			b	34.058	19.715	0.0001
	Overall acceptability			313.204	1.914	0.182

A or G × Bu or Qu × J or C	Texture			0.683	64.475	0.0001
	Colour coordinates		L	5.881	1.034	0.321
			a	0.154	2.956	0.101
			b	33.773	19.550	0.0001
	Overall acceptability			313.204	1.914	0.182

GC: gummy candies; A: agar; C: control; G: gelatin; J: juice; BP: juice by-products; Bu: sea buckthorn; Qu: quince; Xy: xylitol. L: lightness; a: redness (−a: greenness); b: yellowness (−b: blueness). Data are represented as means () ± SD. ^a–gMean values with different letters are significantly different when .