Review Article

The Role of Microbial Aspartic Protease Enzyme in Food and Beverage Industries

Table 2

Characteristics of various microbial aspartic proteases (EC 3.4.23) [9, 10].

NumberEnzyme numberAccepted nameOther namesSourceSubstrateOptimum pHOptimum tempComment

1EC 3.4.23.8Yeast proteinase ASaccharopepsinNow EC 3.4.23.25

2EC 3.4.23.9Rhizopus acid proteinaseRhizopuspepsinNow EC 3.4.23.21

3EC 3.4.23.10Endothia acid proteinaseEndothiapepsinNow EC 3.4.23.22

4EC 3.4.23.16RetropepsinHIV aspartyl protease, HIV proteinase, retroproteinase, HIV-l protease, HIV-2 proteaseHIVViral gag and gag-pol protein precursor5.5–6.030 (37°C)

5EC 3.4.23.18Aspergillopepsin IProteinase, Aspergillus acid protease, Aspergillus acid proteinase, Aspergillus aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus carboxyl proteinase, denapsin, proctase B, P, proteinase B, sumizyme AP, trypsinogen kinase, pepsin-type aspartic proteinase, carboxyl proteinaseFound in a variety of Aspergillus species (imperfect fungi)Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificityDiffers from substrate to substrate but is in the range of 1.6–6.5Differs but in the range of 30–50Formerly included in EC 3.4.23.6

6EC 3.4.23.19Aspergillopepsin IIProteinase A, proctase A, Aspergillus niger var. macrosporus aspartic proteinase, nonpepsin-type acid proteinaseIsolated from Aspergillus niger var. macrosporusPreferential cleavage in B chain of insulin30°CFormerly included in EC 3.4.23.6

7EC 3.4.23.20PenicillopepsinPeptidase A, Penicillium janthinellum aspartic proteinase, acid protease A, Penicillium X acid proteinaseFrom the imperfect fungus Penicillium janthinellumHydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity similar to that of pepsin A, preferring hydrophobic residuesDiffers but in the range of 2.5–3.6Differs but in the range of 50–75Formerly EC 3.4.23.7; formerly included in EC 3.4.23.6
8EC 3.4.23.21RhizopuspepsinRhizopus aspartic proteinase, neurase, proteinase, Rhizopus acid protease, Rhizopus acid proteinaseFrom the zygomycete fungus Rhizopus chinensis, R. niveusHydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity, prefers hydrophobic residues, clots milk, and activates trypsinogen3–4 (trypsinogen); 3.5–4.0 (casein)Differs from substrate to substrate but in the range of 25 and 50EC 3.4.23.9 (formerly), EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)

9EC 3.4.23.22EndothiapepsinEndothia aspartic proteinase, Endothia acid proteinase, Endothia parasitica acid proteinase, Endothia parasitica aspartic proteinaseFrom the ascomycete Endothia parasiticaHydrolysis of proteins with specificity similar to that of pepsin A, prefers hydrophobic residues30°CEC 3.4.23.10 (formerly), EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)

10EC 3.4.23.23MucorpepsinProteinase, Mucor acid proteinase, Mucor acid protease, Mucor rennin, Mucor aspartic proteinase Mucor pusillus emporase fromase 100, Mucor pusillus rennin fromase 46TL, Mucor miehei renninIsolated from the zygomycete fungi Mucor pusillus and M. mieheiHydrolysis of proteins, favouring hydrophobic residues, clots milkDiffers but in the range of 3.5–5.6Differs but in the range of 40–63EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)

11EC 3.4.23.24CandidapepsinCandida albicans aspartic proteinase, Candida albicans carboxyl proteinase, Candida albicans secretory acid proteinase, Candida olea acid proteinase, Candida aspartic proteinase, Candida olea aspartic proteinaseImperfect yeast Candida albicansHydrolyzed protein (preferential cleavage at the carboxyl of hydrophobic aa, activates trypsinogen, and degrades keratinVaries between 2.5 and 5.542°C (denatured hemoglobin); 45 (at pH 3.0)EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)

12EC 3.4.23.25SaccharopepsinYeast endopeptidase A, Saccharomyces aspartic proteinase, aspartic proteinase yscA, proteinase A, proteinase yscA, yeast proteinase A, Saccharomyces cerevisiae aspartic proteinase A, yeast proteinase A, PRASaccharomyces cerevisiaeHydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds4–6.525°CEC 3.4.23.8 (formerly), EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)
13EC 3.4.23.26RhodotorulapepsinRhodotorula aspartic proteinase, Cladosporium acid protease, Paecilomyces proteinase, Rhodotorula glutinis aspartic Proteinase, Rhodotorula glutinis aspartic, Rhodotorula glutinis acid proteinaseRhodotorula glutinis and Cladosporium sp.Cleaves benzyloxycarbonyl-Lys- + -Ala-Ala-Ala and activates trypsinogen2.0–2.5 (casein), 2.5–2.7 (casein, hemoglobin), 2.5–3.0 (acid-denatured hemoglobin)Differs between 55 and 60°CFormerly included in EC 3.4.99.15

14EC 3.4.23.28AcrocylindropepsinAcrocylindricum proteinase, Acrocylindrium acid proteinaseAcrocylindrium sp.Preference for hydrophobic residues at P1 and P10 and action on the B chain of insulin2.0 (casein)EC 3.4.99.1 (formerly), EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)

15EC 3.4.23.29PolyporopepsinPolyporus aspartic proteinase, Irpex lacteus aspartic proteinase, Irpex lacteus carboxyl proteinase BBasidiomycete Polyporus tulipiferae (formerly Irpex lacteus)Milk-clotting activity, broad specificity, but fails to cleave Leu15-Tyr or Tyr16-Leu of insulin B chain2.8 (hemoglobin), 4.0 (Phe-Leu-Ala-Ala)

16EC 3.4.23.30 synonymsPycnoporopepsinProteinase ia, Pycnoporus coccineus aspartic proteinase, trametes acid proteinaseBasidiomycete Pycnoporus sanguineus, formerly known as P. coccineus and Trametes sanguineaCleaving only three bonds in the B chain of insulin: Ala14 + Leu, Tyr16 + Leu, and Phe24 + PheEC 3.4.99.25 (formerly), EC 3.4.23.6 (formerly included in)

17EC 3.4.23.31ScytalidopepsinScytalidium aspartic proteinase A, Scytalidium lignicolum aspartic proteinase, Scytalidium lignicolum carboxyl proteinase, Scytalidium lignicolum acid proteinaseScytalidium lignicolumHydrolysis of proteins with specificity similar to that of pepsin A but also cleaves Cys (SO3H)7 Gly and Leu17 Val in the B chain of insulin2–3.5 (casein), 3.6 (benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Glu-Ala-Ala)50 and 55
18EC 3.4.23.32Scytalidopepsin BScytalidium aspartic proteinase B, Ganoderma lucidum carboxyl proteinase, Ganoderma lucidum aspartic proteinase, Scytalidium lignicolum aspartic proteinase B, SLBA 2nd enzyme from Scytalidium lignicolum, Lentinus edodes (similar enzyme), Ganoderma lucidum (similar enzyme)Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity, cleaving Phe24 Phe, but not Leu15-Tyr and Phe25-Tyr in the B chain of insulin2.0–2.7 (casein), 2.9–3.2 (hemoglobin)50, 52, and 65

19EC 3.4.23.33XanthomonapepsinXanthomonas aspartic proteinase proteinase, Xanthomonas aspartic PCP, pseudomonas carboxyl proteinasePseudomonas sp., expression in E. coli, Xanthomonas sp2.7 (casein, acid-denatured hemoglobin), 3 (acid-denatured hemoglobin, casein)50 and 55Now transferred to EC 3.4.21.101, xanthomonalisin

20EC 3.4.23.35BarrierpepsinBarrier proteinase, bar proteinaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSelective cleavage of -Leu6+ Lys− bond in the mating pheromone a-factor5–5.3

21EC 3.4.23.36Signal peptidase IIPremurein-leader peptidase, prolipoprotein signal peptidase, leader peptidase II, leader peptidase IIE. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureusHydrolyzes -Xaa-Yaa-Zaa+ (S,diacylglyceryl)Cys−, in which Xaa is hydrophobic (preferably Leu) and Yaa (Ala or Ser) and Zaa (Gly or Ala) have Small, neutral side chains637

22EC 3.4.23.37PseudomonapepsinPseudomonas sp. pepstatin-insensitive carboxyl proteinase, pepstatin-insensitive carboxyl proteinasePseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas sp.Hydrolysis of the B-chain of insulin at Glu13-Ala-, Leu1S-Tyr-, Phe2S-Tyr-, and angiotensin I at Tyr4-lle. A good synthetic substrate is Lys-Pro-Ile-Glu-Phe-(4-nitro) Phe-Arg-Leu)3 (acid-denatured hemoglobin, casein)50Now EC 3.4.21.100, pseudomonalisin

23EC 3.4.23.41Yapsin 1Yeast aspartic protease 3, Yap3Saccharomyces cerevisiaeHydrolyzes various precursor proteins with Arg or Lys in P1, and commonly Arg or Lys also in P2
24EC 3.4.23.42ThermopsinThermophilic archeaon Sulfolobus acidocaldariusSimilar in specificity to pepsin A preferring bulky hydrophobic amino acids in P1 and P10

25EC 3.4.23.43Prepilin peptidaseMany species of bacteria carry piliTypically cleaves a –Gly+ Phe−

26EC 3.4.23.44Nodavirus endopeptidaseBlack Beetle virus endopeptidase, flock house virus endopeptidaseFrom several nodaviruses that are pathogens of insectsHydrolysis of an asparaginyl bond, typically –Asn+ Ala− or –Asn+ Phe−

27EC 3.4.23.47HIV-2 retropepsinHIV-2

28EC 3.4.23.48Plasminogen activator PlaYersinia pestis that causes plagueConverts human Glu-plasminogen to plasmin by cleaving the Arg560 + Val peptide bond, also cleaves arginyl bonds in other proteins

29EC 3.4.23.49OmptinProtease VII, protease A, ompT protease, protein a, protease VII, OmpTA product of the ompT gene of Escherichia coliHas a virtual requirement for Arg in the P1 position

30EC 3.4.23.50Human endogenous retrovirus K endopeptidaseHuman endogenous retrovirus K10 endopeptidase, endogenous retrovirus HERV-K10 putative protease, human endogenous retrovirus K retropepsinHIV-1Cleavage of the –SQNY+ PIVQ− cleavage site

31EC 3.4.23.51HycI peptidaseHycI, HycE processing proteinEscherichia coliRemoves a 32-aa acid peptide from the C-terminus of the precursor of the hydrogenase 3