| | Category | Reasons | Reference | Solutions | Reference |
| | Health | Body weight:
Milk yield is directly affected by the weight of the animal. Different studies have shown that healthy animals can produce more milk. If increment of milk yield is a goal, then maintaining cow health and weight is a necessary job. | [1, 3, 4] | Individual information analysis and context interpretation | [5] | Mastitis:
In dairy cows, mastitis is caused by bacteria that invade the udder and multiply in the milk-producing tissues, lessening milk yield. | [3, 6, 7] | Automated milking claws that can detect udder diseases like mastitis | [5, 7] | Calving interval:
The abnormal time period between the birth of calves can be the reason of lower milk yield. | [1, 6–8] | Smart observation and placed historical data for recording the interval | [5, 7] |
| | Food and water | Nutrition:
The major sustenance that should be a part of dairy cows feed includes magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and potassium. | [1, 3, 9] | Automation of data collection to measure nutrition | [5] | Feeding:
Animal feeding can be a complex task. Overcrowded feed bunk can reduce feed intake and this can cause lowered milk production. | [3, 9–11] | Robotic system that can feed automatically after observing the digested food | [10] | Water supply:
Dairy milk contains 87% of water, and shortage of adequate water intake can lessen the milk yield. | [11, 12] | Automated water supply after observing being thirsty | [5, 12] |
| | Herd management system | Comfort level:
Dairy cows with more cleanliness and less stress level can produce more nutritious milk. Overcrowding and slippery floor are the two major reasons for discomfort of dairy cows. | [13, 14, 15] | Behavioral indicators | [5, 16] | Environment:
Keeping dairy cows clean is a vital procedure to have better milk yield. | [17–19] | Better hygiene management | [5] |
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