Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis

Table 1

Hormones and hormone-like compounds by their type, indications, and approval status.

Hormonal substances	Hormone types and active ingredients		Animal species/prod.			Indications/purposes				Reference and remark
	Natural	Synthetic/xenobiotic	Beef	Dairy	Sheep	WG	FE	ER	Milk
Estrogens	17β-Estradiol	Ethyl ester								[17]
	Estradiol	Estradiol benzoate	X			X	X	X		OTC in the US [18]
	Estrone	Stilbenes1
	Resorcylic acid lactones	Zeranol	X		X	X	X			OTC in the US [19]
Gestagens	Progesterone	MLGA	X		X	X	X	X		OTC in the US [20]
		MPA								[21]
		19-Nortestosterone (nandrolone)								Illegal use in horse sports [22]
		17-Methyltestosterone
Androgens	Testosterone	DMT
		TBA	X			X	X			OTC in the US [23]
		Testosterone propionate	X			X	X			OTC in the US [18]
G. hormones	BST	sBST or rBST		X					X	OTC in the US [24]
β-Agonists		Clenbuterol								[25]
		Ractopamine	X			X	X			[26]
		Zilpaterol	X			X	X			[26]

Note. X = approved for use by the FDA,  = approved in EU member countries for therapeutic use only, DES = diethylstilbestrol, Dienestrol, and hexestrol, MLGA = melengestrol acetate, MPA = medroxyprogesterone acetate, TBA = trenbolone acetate, DMT = desoxymethyltestosterone, sBST = synthetic bovine somatotropin, rBST = recombinant bovine somatotropin, WG = weight gain, FE = feed efficiency, ER = estrous regulation, Milk = increased milk production, OTC = over-the-counter drug, and EU = European Union.