The Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene in the Regulation of Antioxidative System and Softening of Mango Fruit during Storage

Li, Li; Li, Changbao; Sun, Jian; Sheng, Jinfeng; Zhou, Zhugui; Xin, Ming; Yi, Ping; He, Xuemei; Zheng, Fengjin; Tang, Yayuan; Li, Jiemin; Tang, Jie

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6090354

Journal of Food Quality

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Improvement of Fruit and Vegetable Quality from Postharvest Biology and Technology Approaches

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 6090354 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6090354

The Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene in the Regulation of Antioxidative System and Softening of Mango Fruit during Storage

Li Li,^1,2Changbao Li,^1,2Jian Sun ,^1,2Jinfeng Sheng,^1,2Zhugui Zhou,¹Ming Xin,¹Ping Yi,¹Xuemei He,¹Fengjin Zheng,¹Yayuan Tang,¹Jiemin Li,¹and Jie Tang¹

Guest Editor: Juan Luis Valenzuela

Received23 Jul 2019

Revised21 Jan 2020

Accepted06 Mar 2020

Published06 Apr 2020

Abstract

The function of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in the regulation of quality and antioxidative system of mango fruit was investigated during storage at ambient temperature. Changes in fruit quality, colour, ethylene production, respiration rate, fruit softening enzyme activities, and antioxidative enzyme activities were studied in this study. The results demonstrated that 1-MCP was beneficial for maintaining quality. 1-MCP treatment retarded the decline of firmness, weight, total soluble solid, and titratable acidity, which served as significant parameters for assessing fruit quality in the process of storage. Compared with the fruit of the control group, the treatment with 1-MCP dramatically delayed the colour change of both the pulp and peel and suppressed climacteric peaks of ethylene generation and respiration speed. The significant inducement of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were followed by 1-MCP treatment. The fruit treated with 1-MCP displayed significantly inhibited activation of enzymes on the cell wall, i.e., pectin esterase (PE), endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase (EGase), exopolygalacturonase (exo-PG), and endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG), during storage. The results suggested that 1-MCP imposed underlying impact on the maintenance of the softening and extension of postharvest life of mango fruit.

1. Introduction

As one of the most significant fruits, mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) is recognized as the “King’s fruit” in tropical and subtropical regions [1]. Mango contains a great deal of substantial quantity of distinct appreciable carotene, vitamin C, dietary fiber, soluble sugars, and diversified minerals, which are employed as favorable nutrient sources and readily existing as well as assumable with ease in the bodies of human beings, thereby making it capable of avoiding abundant deficiency diseases [2, 3]. Mango is a kind of climacteric fruit whose ripening is triggered as well as proceeded by a surge in ethylene generation along with a significant increase in respiration speed. Generally, the harvest of the fruit occurs on the green-ripening stage, followed by the transportation and storage when temperature is maintained at a low level (10°C–15°C) for the extension of the expiration date [4]. However, the continuous occurrence of severe postharvest diseases causes abundant postharvest decay [5]. Every year, postharvest decay is responsible for the waste of a great deal of fresh mango fruits [6]. The main elements responsible for the storage of mango are softening and microbial corruption [7].

Softening, which is partially controlled by endogenous ethylene biosynthesis, is one of the main factors that reduces fruit quality and leads to economically important losses [8]. As one of some regulators responsible for plant progress, ethylene is capable of affecting growth and progressing processes such as maturity and aging [9]. In the process of postharvest storage, ethylene is capable of imposing undesirable impacts such as aging, rapid quality loss, decrease in nutrient composition, increase in fruit pathogen susceptibleness, and physiological disturbance among fruits [10]. Consequently, it is essential to inhibit ethylene biosynthesis or its action to slow down the processes of maturity and step up the disease resistance of the fruit. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), as an ethylene action inhibitor, has been proven to be effective in retarding senescence process by binding irreversibly to the ethylene-binding receptor, thereby inhibiting the ethylene signal transduction pathway, such as in mango [11, 12], pear [13], sweet cherry [14], apple [15], and jujube [16] and is widely used to control ripening and senescence and extend postharvest storage life in climacteric fruits.

The postharvest employment of 1-MCP which can retard maturity and keep up quality in mango has been indicated. For instance, Razzaq et al. reported that 1-MCP inhibited fruit softening enzyme activities, consequently delaying the maturity and variations associated with it in “Kensington Pride” mango [17]. 1-MCP could also play a positive part in the regulation of the activated oxygen metabolism balance [18]. However, reports on the mechanisms of 1-MCP which delays softening and antioxidative system are rare. The main objectives of this research were to study the impacts of 1-MCP in regulating fruit softening, its characteristics in physiology, and antioxidant enzyme activity variations in the stored mango fruit, so as to investigate the mechanism of 1-MCP in delaying ripening.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials and Treatments

Mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. cv. Tainong) were reaped from an orchard in Baise city, Guangxi province of China. Fruits were then stored, which were about 12 cm in length and 8 cm in width without any physical injury or infection.

The initial results of our experiments demonstrated that 1 μL/L of 1-MCP (Ethyl Bloc, Rohm and Haas China, Inc.) played a better role in maintaining mango fruit quality. Mango fruit were separated into two halves at random, enclosed in a plastic container, and treated with 1-MCP, which was prepared from a commercial powder dissolved in sterile distilled water, and the final concentration was 1 μL/L equal volume of sterile water which was used as the control. 1-MCP was dissolved in sterile distilled water at a final concentration of 1 μL/L. The fruit were treated with 1-MCP for 24 h at 25°C and subsequently stored at 25°C and were then collected every two days, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until analysis. Three replicates per analysis were used for all measurements.

2.2. Assessment of Fruit Quality

2.2.1. Firmness and Weight Loss

Firmness of the fruit flesh was measured using a handheld penetrometer (FT-327; UCFruit Firmness Tester, Milano, Italy) equipped with a probe 8 mm in diameter. A small slice of fruit skin was removed, and the firmness was recorded from three different pieces of fruit with three different points per fruit and then means were expressed as Newtons (N). The weight loss of mango fruit was evaluated according to the method by Li et al. [19]. The initial weight of each tray and the weight at each sampling interval were measured using an F1004A analytical balance (Shanghai ShangTian Precision Instrument, Shanghai, China). The results were expressed as percentages of the fresh weight (FW).

2.2.2. Contents of Total Soluble Solid and Titratable Acidity

Total soluble solid (TSS) levels of mango fruit were determined according to the AOAC method [20], using a hand refractometer (Atago, Tokyo, Japan). Titratable acidity (TA) contents were determined using an automatic titrator (Titroline easy, Schott, Mainz, Germany) by titration of the sample to pH 8.2 with 0.1 N NaOH. Results were expressed as percentage of citric acid (grams of citric acid per 100 g fresh weight).

2.2.3. Colour Measurements

Colour of both peel and pulp was measured for both the red and green sides of each fruit immediately after opening each package on each sampling day during storage. A CR-400 Chroma Meter (Konica Minolta Sensing Americas Inc., Ramsey, NJ, USA) with an 8-mm viewing port and an illuminant D65 was used for measuring CIE a (redness) and b (yellowness) values [21].

2.2.4. Rates of Ethylene Production and Respiration

Postharvest fruit from the 1-MCP-treated and control groups were placed in pure N₂ and subsequently stored at 20°C with 90% relative humidity. Three fruits were placed in a 4.2L airproof glass jar for 2 h at 25°C to determine the rates of ethylene production at different storage stages. A headspace gas sample (1 mL) was collected from each jar and analyzed using a GC-2014C gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Subsequently, a thermal conductivity detector (Shimadzu TCD-2014) with the Porapak N column was used to detect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the samples. The levels of ethylene were determined using a flame ionization detector and an OV-17 capillary column (Zhonghuida Co., Dalian, China). The rates of ethylene production and respiration are presented on FW basis as mentioned above.

2.3. Impacts on Oxidative Stress

2.3.1. MDA Content

The measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level was achieved on the basis of the reported approach by Sun et al. with a mild alteration [22]. The homogenization of mango pulp tissues (3 g) were achieved with 10% trichloroacetic acid of 15 mL, followed by centrifugation at 15000 × for 20 min. The mixture of 1 milliliter of supernatant and 0.5% 2-thiobarbituric acid of 3 mL was made, followed by heating for 20 min at 95°C and cooling right away in a basin filled with cold water. The absorbance was spectrophotometrically measured at 532 nm (UV 1600 PC, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) after being centrifuged at 3000 × for 10 min, along with the subtraction of nonspecific absorbance values 600 nm. The estimation of the quantity of MDA was done as follows: (μM/gFW) = [6.45 (OD₅₃₂ − OD₆₀₀) − 0.56 OD₄₅₀] × 5 mL/0.25 g.

2.3.2. Activities of Antioxidative Enzymes

Catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were extracted and assayed on the basis of the improved ways by Vicente et al. and Liu et al. [23, 24]. 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) of 2.5 mL was used to draw mango pulp tissues (1 g) for 10 min at 4°C, with extracting liquid being centrifuged for fifteen min at 12000 ×. The enzymatic activities were determined by collecting the supernatant. The assay mixture consisting of 15 m·M·H₂O₂ of 2.8 mL was made by 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) and an enzyme solution of 0.2 mL, which was used for the determination of CAT activity. The addition in absorbance at 240 nm for 3 min at 25°C was recorded. A unit of CAT activity was specified as the enzyme quantity causing a variation of 0.001 in absorbance every minute. POD activity was determined by the assay compound containing 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) of 2.5 mL, 0.46% (v/v) H₂O₂ of 0.2 mL, 4% (v/v) guaiacol of 0.2 mL, and enzyme solution of 0.1 mL. The addition in absorbance at 470 nm for 3 min at 25°C was recorded. One unit of POD activity was specified as the enzyme quantity causing a variation of 0.01 in absorbance every minute.

The extraction and assay were achieved through superoxide dismutase (SOD) based on the improved way given by Wang and Tian [12]. 0.1% (w/v) polyvinyl pyrrolidone was contained in 5 mL of 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), with which, mango pulp tissues (1 g) were extracted for 10 min at 4°C. The extracting solution was centrifuged for 20 min at 12000 ×. SOD activity was determined by collecting the supernatant. The SOD activity determination was achieved through the measurement of its capacity to suppress the photochemical reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). 0.05 mL of enzyme liquid in all were increased into three mL of the assay reagent which was composed of 13 mM methionine, 100 μM EDTA, 63 μM NBT, and 1.3 μM riboflavin in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). The reaction solutions were incubated for 10 min in the illumination of 4000 lux. The measurement of absorbance of sample was achieved at 560 nm, with 0.05 M of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) as the control. 1 unit of enzymatic activity was specified as the enzyme quantity causing 50% suppression of NBT reduction.

2.4. Activities of Fruit Softening Enzymes

For enzyme extraction, 150 g of mango pulp tissues were ground in a homogenizer with 100 mL of cold aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol 12% and 0.2% sodium bisulfite for 2 min. After centrifugation at 10,000 × for 10 min at 5°C, the pellet was collected and separated into four parts for extraction of each enzyme activity.

2.4.1. Exo-PG and Endo-PG Activity

For exo-PG and endo-PG, the pellet was incubated in a shaker at 4°C for 1 h in cold 50 mM Na acetate buffer pH 5, 0.5 M NaCl. After centrifugation was done as mentioned above, the supernatant was diluted once with 50 mM Na acetate buffer, pH 5, and was used as the crude extract. For determination of the exo-PG activity, the enzyme extract (1 mL) was mixed with an equal volume of 0.5% polygalacturonic acid in 50 mM Na acetate buffer, pH 4.4, and incubated at 30°C for 18 h. For the determination of galacturonic acid released, 2 mL borate buffer (0.1 M, pH 9.0) and 0.3 mL 1% cyanoacetamide were added to the reaction mixture, boiled for 10 min, and then cooled and read at 274 nm. Galacturonic acid was used as a standard, and controls of the boiled extract were run. One activity unit was 1 mg of galacturonic acid released per mg of protein per h. The endo-PG activity was measured in a Cannon–Fenske viscometer (Model N.100, USA) by mixing 3 mL of the enzyme extract with 4.5 mL of 2% polygalacturonic acid (Sigma Chemical Company, G-2125, USA) in 50 mM Na acetate, pH 4.4. Initial viscosity was measured and also measured after a further incubation for 18 h at 30°C [25]. One activity unit was defined as the change in viscosity per of per mg protein per h.

2.4.2. PE Activity

For PE extraction, the pellet was resuspended into 15 mL 7.5% NaCl and 0.75% EDTA (pH 6.5) and incubated at 4°C for 10 min. Following centrifugation as above, the supernatant was collected. Crude extract (5 mL) was mixed with 20 mL 1% citrus pectin and titrated with 0.01 N NaOH to maintain pH 7.4, while incubating at 30°C. The reaction was found to be linear for 2 h, but normally, the reaction was measured for 30 min. One unit activity was calculated as 1 mM NaOH consumed per mg protein per h.

2.4.3. EGase Activity

For EGase activity, the pellet was stirred in 15 mL 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, and 1 M NaCl at 4°C for 1 h and then centrifuged as above. Using the supernatant as the crude extract, enzyme activity was measured by the change in viscosity as for endo-PG. The reaction mixture contained 6 mL 0.2% methyl cellulose (CMC) in citrate phosphate buffer and 3 mL of the supernatant.

2.5. Analysis on Statistics

Every experiment was carried out three times (n = 3), along with comparison of the average values of every treatment through an ANOVA test (employing SPSS 13.0 statistical software, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The LSD test was employed to determine whether the means of parameters are significantly different (), with consequences demonstrating average ± standard error (SE) of determinations three times repeatedly.

3. Results

3.1. Effects of 1-MCP on Fruit Quality

From Figure 1(a), a decreasing trend in the firmness of mango was observed during ambient storage in both 1-MCP-treated and control groups over the first six days during the storage; however, there was no significant change after the 6-d storage. The loss of fruit firmness in fruit was significantly delayed () in the 1-MCP-treated group compared with that in the control group. Weight loss is a natural process observed in the postharvest stage. As shown in Figure 1(b), all the samples exhibited increased weight loss during storage. Along with an increase in storage time, weight loss of 1-MCP-treated mango was significantly lower than the control group after 4 days (), suggesting that the1-MCP treatment was much more effective in reducing the weight loss of mango fruit. From Figure 1(c), the TSS content in the pulp tissues of both groups was shown to increase as the storage duration extended. However, the TSS content in the 1-MCP-treated group was significantly lower than that recorded in the control group, especially on day 4 of storage (). TA decreased with the extend in storage time (Figure 1(d)). TA in fruit treated with 1-MCP was significantly lower () than that in control on days 4, 8, and 10 of storage (all ).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.2. Effects of 1-MCP on Fruit Colour

Changes in colour of mango peel and pulp during storage are presented in Figure 2. From Figure 2(a), compared with the control group, the use of 1-MCP delayed the colour change and occurrence of deterioration during storage, and fruit treated with 1-MCP maintained higher overall quality throughout the storage period of 10 days. The obvious increase of a and b values indicated the senescence of mango fruit. As shown in Figure 2(b), the a value of mango peel increased with storage time, and the a value of the 1-MCP-treated group was significantly () higher than the control group after 6 days. From Figure 2(c), the b value increased steadily in both treatments during the 10-day storage, and the control had the faster increase rate than the mango treated with 1-MCP. The changes in a and b values of mango pulp were also analyzed. From Figures 2(d) and 2(e), the a and b values of the 1-MCP-treated group were lower than those of the control group throughout the storage period of 10 days. All results demonstrated that 1-MCP treatment had a good effect on the maintenance of colour of mango fruit stored at ambient temperature.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

3.3. Effects of 1-MCP on Respiration and Ethylene Generation

Increased respiration rates could be associated with fruit aging and disease progress over the period of storage. The respiration rate of mango fruit displayed a representative climacteric mode over the period of storage (Figure 3(a)). Respiration rates demonstrated the increasing trends over the storage of all fruits. It was also found that fruit treated with 1-MCP demonstrated a lower respiration rate than that of the control group. Ethylene is naturally produced in postharvest mango and quickly leads to overripening. Fruit treated with 1-MCP displayed both retarded and inhibited ethylene generation over the whole storage period, compared with untreated fruit (Figure 3(b)). The control fruit displayed climacteric peaks of ethylene generation on day 4 at 25°C, and production of ethylene in the 1-MCP-treated group peaked on day 6 of storage, 2 days later compared with the control group. These results indicated that 1-MCP treatment abolished the onset of respiratory climacteric and suppressed CO₂ production during storage.

(a)

(b)

3.4. Effects of 1-MCP on Oxidative Stress

During fruit aging, the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was caused by membrane lipids due to peroxidation and the formation of poisonous products including MDA, which was a secondary final product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation [26]. As a demonstrator of the development of fruit decay, MDA usually symbolized the content of lipid peroxides and the structural wholeness of cell membranes [27]. As demonstrated in Figure 4, in both groups, MDA was increased throughout the entire storage duration. In contrast with the control group, 1-MCP treatment alleviated the uptrend of MDA level in mango fruit, and 1-MCP delayed MDA increase significantly () after day 2 during storage.

POD activity is related to plant aging and pressure by membrane alteration and lipid degradation related to senescence. As can be seen from Figure 5(a), POD activity increased initially and then decreased after day 8. POD activity in fruit treated with 1-MCP was initially dramatically higher () when compared to the control group, but there were no statistically significant differences after day 6. CAT activity demonstrated a peak on day 6, followed by a decrease (Figure 5(b)). Fruit treated with 1-MCP and control had similar CAT activity during the 2-day storage period. Nevertheless, CAT activity in fruit treated with 1-MCP was significantly higher () than that in control fruit on days 4, 6, and 8. CAT activity in all fruits treated with 1-MCP was also dramatically more elevated than that in the control group. As can be seen from Figure 5(c), SOD activity in fruit treated with 1-MCP was significantly higher () than that in control on days 2, 4, and 6. The above results indicated that 1-MCP effectively inhibited MDA content increase and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities so as to reduce oxidative damage and alleviate oxidative stress of mango fruit during storage.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.5. Effects of 1-MCP on Fruit Softening

As can be seen from Figure 6(a), PE activity showed an increasing trend during storage of all mango fruits. Fruits showed significant difference in PE activity between treatments, and lower values were presented by 1-MCP treatment for all storage periods. Mango fruit stored at 25°C showed a typical climacteric peak in EGase activity, and the fruit displayed a significantly stable rise in EGase enzyme activity, whereas the activity declined greatly from day 8 to day 10 (Figure 6(b)). 1-MCP played an effective role in the delay of EGase activity during the entire storage period, and EGase activity of 1-MCP treatment fruits was lower and differed significantly from control treatment. Rapid softening was associated with PG activity which degrades the pectin in the cell wall matrix, causing a decrease in cell wall content and leading to softening. From Figures 6(c) and 6(d), exo-PG and endo-PG activity in all fruits showed a linear increase. Compared to the control, treatment with 1-MCP dramatically reduced exo-PG activity in mango fruit stored at 25°C (Figure 6(c)). As can be seen from Figure 6(d), fruit treated with 1-MCP did not exhibit dramatic changes in endo-PG activity during the first 2 days. However, fruit treated with 1-MCP displayed lower endo-PG activity after day 2 than that of untreated fruit.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

4. Discussion

1-MCP, extensively applied in postharvest storage, has been proved to play an extremely effective role in the maintenance of fruit quality [28, 29]. Previous studies demonstrated the advantages of 1-MCP treatment in the control of postharvest pathogens. According to previous reports, 1-MCP treatment reduced ethylene generation, respiration, and chlorophyll degradation, in addition to retarding softening and reducing colour variation [30].

1-MCP treatment can maintain excellent quality in many fruits. Some reports have indicated that 1-MCP treatment could maintain excellent quality and increase storage time in plum [31], apple [32], pear [13], and peach fruit [33]. In the present study, 1-MCP treatment of mango fruit helped to maintain greater firmness and weight than in control fruit during storage (Figure 1). Reduced enzyme activity may be the reason for the reduction in fruit softening due to 1-MCP treatment, for fruit firmness is significantly and negatively correlated with activities of diverse softening enzymes, including PE, EGase, exo-PG, and endo-PG [18]. PE removes methoxyl groups from highly or partially esterified galacturonan and is supposed to play a key part in cell wall metabolism [34]. Fruit treated with 1-MCP exhibited dramatically higher PE activity at both ambient and low temperatures than did control fruit (Figure 6(a)); as a result, 1-MCP treatment delayed the increase of PE activity, and Razzaq et al. obtained similar findings [35]. As a cell wall degrading enzyme, EGase plays a significant part in the softening of mango fruit [36]. It has been reported that EGase activity increased over the period of maturity in “Samar Bahisht Chaunsa” mango [17]. In the present research, fruit treated with 1-MCP showed complete suppression of EGase enzyme activity compared to the control (Figure 6(b)). Banana fruit showed a similar trend in EGase activity because of the gradual increase of enzyme activity up to the fourth day, followed by a significant decrease until the seventh day [37]. The present study revealed an increase of exo- and endo-PG activities over the period of maturity (Figures 6(c) and 6(d)), which was accelerated by ethylene treatment and inhibited by 1-MCP treatment and was linked with decreased loss of firmness. Similar impacts of 1-MCP in delaying fruit softening have been seen in various fruits, including tomato, avocado, kiwifruit, peach, plum, and apple [18, 31].

Previous studies have shown that 1-MCP treatment was conducive to the maintenance of mango fruit quality over postharvest storage. In this research, 1-MCP treatment maintained excellent quality in mango fruit (Figures 1 and 2). Treated with 1-MCP maintained higher TSS levels (Figure 1(b)). The decrease of TSS in 1-MCP-treated fruit may be due to decline of the amount of carbohydrates and pectins, partial hydrolysis of protein, and decomposition of glycosides into subunits during respiration. In addition, TA reduction was delayed in fruit treated with 1-MCP compared to control fruit (Figure 1(c)). 1-MCP treatment delayed the colour change of both mango fruit peel and pulp (Figure 2), demonstrating that 1-MCP treatment had a good effect on the maintenance of colour of mango fruit stored at ambient temperature. Ethylene is known to play a key role in the maturity and aging of fruit due to its effect on the expression of genes associated with ripening. 1-MCP has reduced ethylene generation in strawberry, apricot, and plum and suppressed ethylene generation in apple [28]. In this study, postharvest 1-MCP treatment inhibited the climacteric peaks of both ethylene generation and respiration rate in mango fruit over the period of ripening (Figure 3), confirming the findings of previous surveys with other plants. Inhibition of ethylene by 1-MCP is based on the ability of 1-MCP to irreversibly bind to ethylene receptors, consequently diminishing the normal increase in ACS and ACO enzyme activities during ripening and senescence [38, 39].

Antioxidant enzymes, associated with both senescence and defense responses play a significant role in suppressing oxidative stress. POD, CAT, and SOD are vital enzymes that can protect cells from oxidative damage by scavenging ROS [22]. Accumulation of ROS causes oxidative injury and accelerates the development of senescence and various senescence-related disorders. With the increase of ROS, chain reactions start in which SOD catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide radical to molecular O₂ and H₂O₂, and H₂O₂ is then detoxified by CAT and POD [40]. CAT reduces H₂O₂ into H₂O and O₂, whereas POD decomposes H₂O₂ by oxidation of cosubstrates such as phenolic compounds. In this study, the MDA content of fruit treated with 1-MCP was lower than that in the control fruit after day 2 (Figure 4), indicating that 1-MCP treatment might somehow be responsible for controlling the excessive production of ROS and suppress lipid peroxidation over the period of storage of mango fruit. Meanwhile, 1-MCP treatment helped to maintain dramatically high CAT, POD, and SOD activities during storage (Figure 5). These antioxidative enzymes could eliminate ROS, which was excessively produced in fruit, delay the peroxidation of membrane lipids, and relieve oxidative stress in postharvest fruit, thereby controlling the ripening and aging over the period of storage to some degree [41]. Consequently, 1-MCP treatment suppressed oxidative stress and the excessive production of ROS principally through maintaining the high activity of antioxidative enzymes to limit decay in mango fruit.

In conclusion, treatment with 1-MCP dramatically retarded softening and slowed both senescence and corruption of mango fruit through protecting membrane structures from peroxidation. Additionally, ethylene production was inhibited and the respiration rate reduced in fruit treated with 1-MCP. 1-MCP treatment showed complete suppression of the activities of softening enzymes: PE, EGase, exo-PG, and endo-PG. These results indicated that 1-MCP treatment represented an excellent alternative for maintaining its appearance and nutritional values during storage. Fruit treated with 1-MCP also demonstrated differential activities of fruit softening and antioxidant enzymes during storage, warranting more research studies on the impacts of 1-MCP on the gene expression associated with these enzymes. Whether 1-MCP can modify ripening and aging-related genes needs to be verified in further research.

Data Availability

All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Li Li and Changbao Li contributed equally to this study.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant no. 2018YFD0401300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 31560467, 31660589, 31560006, and 31860579), Special Fund for Guangxi Bagui Scholars (Grant no. [2016]21), Central Guides Local Science and Technology Development Project (Grant no. Gui Ke ZY1949014), Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi (Grant nos. Gui Ke AA17204038 and AA17204042), Guangxi Scientific Research and Technological Development Projects (Grant no. Gui Ke AD19110141), Postdoctoral Foundation of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant no. 2018029), Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant no. 2018GXNSFAA281149), and Foundation of Fundamental Research Project from Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant nos. JZ202019, 2019Z10, 2018YT27, 2018YM04, 2017JZ10, 2016JZ11, and 2015YT86).

References

K. Hu, A. G. Dars, Q. Liu, B. Xie, and Z. Sun, “Phytochemical profiling of the ripening of Chinese mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars by real-time monitoring using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and its potential benefits as prebiotic ingredients,” Food Chemistry, vol. 256, no. 8, pp. 171–180, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Prasad and R. R. Sharma, “Salicylic acid influences lenticel discolouration and physiological and biochemical attributes of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 293–299, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. U. Samart, B. Soottawat, K. Supaluck, and R. Saroat, “Optimization of antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in mango peels using response surface methodology,” LWT—Food Science and Technology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 742–749, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Li, N. Wang, G. S. Vijaya Raghavan, and C. Vigneault, “Ripeness and rot evaluation of “Tommy Atkins” mango fruit through volatiles detection,” Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 319–324, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Pesis, D. Aharoni, Z. Aharon, R. Ben-Arie, N. Aharoni, and Y. Fuchs, “Modified atmosphere and modified humidity packaging alleviates chilling injury symptoms in mango fruit,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 93–101, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Faasema, J. S. Alakali, and J. O. Abu, “Effects of storage temperature on 1-methylcyclopropene-treated mango (Mangnifera indica) fruit varieties,” Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 289–295, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. M. Yashoda, T. N. Prabha, and R. N. Tharanathan, “Mango ripening: changes in cell wall constituents in relation to textural softening,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 713–721, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E.-H. Chang, J.-S. Lee, and J.-G. Kim, “Cell wall degrading enzymes activity is altered by high carbon dioxide treatment in postharvest “Mihong” peach fruit,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 225, no. 18, pp. 399–407, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Khan and Z. Singh, “1-MCP application suppresses ethylene biosynthesis and retards fruit softening during cold storage of “Tegan Blue” Japanese plum,” Plant Science, vol. 176, no. 4, pp. 539–544, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. E. Schaller and B. M. Binder, “Inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1573, no. 4, pp. 223–235, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Wang, T. Lai, G. Qin, and S. Tian, “Response of jujube fruits to exogenous oxalic acid treatment based on proteomic analysis,” Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 230–242, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-S. Wang, S.-P. Tian, and Y. Xu, “Effects of high oxygen concentration on pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruits during postharvest periods,” Food Chemistry, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 99–104, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Yu, W. Yan, and T. C. Einhorn, “Postharvest physiology, storage quality and physiological disorders of “Gem” pear (Pyrus communis L.) treated with 1-methylcyclopropene,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 240, no. 20, pp. 631–637, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
Q. Yang, L. Wang, F. Li, J. Ma, and Z. Zhang, “Impact of 1-MCP on postharvest quality of sweet cherry during cold storage,” Frontiers of Agriculture in China, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 631–636, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. F. Li, J. Mao, X. W. Li et al., “Effects of cepa and 1-mcp on flower bud differentiation of apple cv. “nagafu no. 2” grafted on different rootstocks,” Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 1–13, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Q. Zhang, S. P. Tian, Z. Zhu, Y. Xu, and G. Z. Qin, “Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on ripening and resistance of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba cv. Huping) fruit against postharvest disease,” LWT—Food Science and Technology, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 13–19, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Razzaq, Z. Singh, A. S. Khan, S. A. K. U. Khan, and S. Ullah, “Role of 1-MCP in regulating “Kensington Pride” mango fruit softening and ripening,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 401–411, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Wang, J. Wang, X. Feng, L. Lin, Y. Zhao, and W. Jiang, “Effects of 1-MCP and exogenous ethylene on fruit ripening and antioxidants in stored mango,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 185–192, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Li, J. Li, J. Sun et al., “Effects of 2-butanol on quality and physiological characteristics of longan fruit stored at ambient temperature,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 101, pp. 96–102, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington, DC, USA, 2000.
B. B. Mishra, S. Gautam, and A. Sharma, “Browning of fresh-cut eggplant: impact of cutting and storage,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 67, pp. 44–51, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Sun, X. You, L. Li et al., “Effects of a phospholipase D inhibitor on postharvest enzymatic browning and oxidative stress of litchi fruit,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 288–294, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Vicente, G. A. Martínez, A. R. Chaves, and P. M. Civello, “Effect of heat treatment on strawberry fruit damage and oxidative metabolism during storage,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 116–122, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Liu, J. Zou, Q. Meng, and W. Jiang, “Uptake and accumulation and oxidative stress in garlic (Allium sativm L.) under lead phytotoxicity,” Ecotoxicology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 134–143, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-W. Zhou, S. Lurie, A. Lers, A. Khatchitski, L. Sonego, and R. Ben Arie, “Delayed storage and controlled atmosphere storage of nectarines: two strategies to prevent woolliness,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 133–141, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Liu, M. Wisniewski, S. Droby et al., “Increase in antioxidant gene transcripts, stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of Candida oleophila following sublethal oxidative stress exposure,” FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 578–590, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. M. Yang, H. M. Li, F. Li et al., “Effect of nano-packing on preservation quality of fresh strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv Fengxiang) during storage at 4°C,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. C236–C240, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. M. Blankenship and J. M. Dole, “1-Methylcyclopropene: a review,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. J. Huber, “Suppression of ethylene responses through application of 1-methylcyclopropene: a powerful tool for elucidating ripening and senescence mechanisms in climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits and vegetables,” HortScience, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 106–111, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Sun, H. Yan, N. Liu, J. Wei, and Q. Wang, “Effect of 1-MCP treatment on postharvest quality characters, antioxidants and glucosinolates of Chinese kale,” Food Chemistry, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 519–526, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Khan and Z. Singh, “1-MCP regulates ethylene biosynthesis and fruit softening during ripening of “Tegan Blue” plum,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 298–306, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Yang, J. Song, L. Du et al., “Ethylene and 1-MCP regulate major volatile biosynthetic pathways in apple fruit,” Food Chemistry, vol. 194, pp. 325–336, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Ortiz, J. Graell, M. L. López, G. Echeverría, and I. Lara, “Volatile ester-synthesising capacity in “Tardibelle” peach fruit in response to controlled atmosphere and 1-MCP treatment,” Food Chemistry, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 698–704, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. D. Phan, W. Bo, G. West, G. W. lycett, and G. A. Tucker, “Silencing of the major salt-dependent isoform of pectinesterase in tomato alters fruit softening,” Plant Physiology, vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 1960–1967, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Razzaq, A. S. Khan, A. U. Malik, and M. Shahid, “Ripening period influences fruit softening and antioxidative system of “Samar Bahisht Chaunsa” mango,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 160, no. 27, pp. 108–114, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Chourasia, V. A. Sane, R. K. Singh, and P. Nath, “Isolation and characterization of the MiCel1 gene from mango: ripening related expression and enhanced endoglucanase activity during softening,” Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 117–127, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Lohani, P. K. Trivedi, and P. Nath, “Changes in activities of cell wall hydrolases during ethylene-induced ripening in banana: effect of 1-MCP, ABA and IAA,” Postharvest Biology and Technology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 119–126, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. C. Sisler and M. Serek, “Inhibitors of ethylene responses in plants at the receptor level: recent developments,” Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 577–582, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. J. D. Lalel, Z. Singh, and S. C. Tan, “The role of ethylene in mango fruit aromavolatiles biosynthesis,” Journal of Pomology & Horticultural Science, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 85–496, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Noctor and C. H. Foyer, “Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control,” Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 249–279, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. S. Gill and N. Tuteja, “Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 909–930, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Li Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2832

Downloads

1326

Citations