Physicochemical Properties, Mineral Content, Antioxidant Activities, and Microbiological Quality of Bupleurum spinosum Gouan Honey from the Middle Atlas in Morocco

Table 3

Physicochemical analysis of honey samples.

Honey samples

Locality name

Honey color

pH

Free acidity (mEq/kg)

Lactonic acidity (mEq/kg)

Total acidity (mEq/kg)

Moisture (%)

Ash content (%)

Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)

Diastasic activity

TSS (%)

Pfund scale (mm)

Melanoidins

H1

Bouyablane

Dark amber

4.81 ± 0.03^a

12.77 ± 1.34^d

5.51 ± 0.50^d

18.37 ± 0.67^f

17.60 ± 0.04^e

0.42 ± 0.00^c

671.27 ± 1.79^b

26.01 ± 1.07^a

82.73 ± 0.85^abc

150.50 ± 7.38^ab

0.98 ± 0.01^b

H2

El-Mers

Dark amber

4.11 ± 0.02 ^defg

26.21 ± 1.56^abc

10.50 ± 1.39^b

36.91 ± 0.58^b

16.19 ± 0.04^g

0.50 ± 0.02^b

637.02 ± 1.65^e

17.51 ± 0.44^c

83.80 ± 0.20^a

161.71 ± 6.12^a

1.03 ± 0.01^b

H3

Boulemane

Dark amber

4.22 ± 0.05 ^de

26.55 ± 2.22^ab

8.23 ± 0.17^bc

35.18 ± 0.16^b

17.00 ± 0.02^f

0.37 ± 0.00^e

450.54 ± 1.54^c

22.19 ± 1.00^b

83.00 ± 0.03^ab

158.36 ± 7.89^ab

0.96 ± 0.01^bc

H4

Ribat El-Kheire

Extra white

4.02 ± 0.06 ^defgh

31.85 ± 1.09^a

14.14 ± 0.94^a

45.53 ± 0.63^a

19.20 ± 0.21^b

0.21 ± 0.00^h

427.38 ± 1.20^f

19.78 ± 1.55^b

80.80 ± 0.08^d

30.47 ± 3.15^e

0.21 ± 0.02^f

H5

Tafajight

Dark amber

4.50 ± 0.03^c

15.85 ± 1.13^d

8.90 ± 0.66^bc

24.17 ± 0.36^e

19.00 ± 0.07^c

0.23 ± 0.01^g

647.92 ± 2.03^d

21.67 ± 0.50^b

80.97 ± 0.14^d

149.01 ± 6.54^abc

0.89 ± 0.01^d

H6

Ait-Bazza

Amber

4.17 ± 0.03 ^def

12.16 ± 1.17^d

4.98 ± 0.36^d

27.14 ± 1.76^d

19.60 ± 0.06^a

0.25 ± 0.01^f

612.79 ± 4.39^g

10.76 ± 0.59^e

80.40 ± 0.03^de

106.52 ± 3.13^d

0.64 ± 0.02^e

H7

Timahdite

Amber

4.33 ± 0.02^d

22.84 ± 2.44^ab

11.19 ± 0.29^b

33.13 ± 0.68^bc

18.60 ± 0.03^d

0.39 ± 0.00^d

632.93 ± 2.44^e

15.87 ± 0.59^d

81.40 ± 0.03^d

111.30 ± 0.47^d

0.70 ± 0.03^e

H8

Enjil

Dark amber

4.67 ± 0.02^b

13.86 ± 0.88^d

6.20 ± 0.20^d

19.94 ± 1.02^f

15.81 ± 0.06^h

0.55 ± 0.00^a

682.16 ± 2.29^a

22.98 ± 1.33^b

84.20 ± 0.05^a

175.53 ± 1.93^a

1.15 ± 0.03^a

All values are expressed as means of triplicate determinations ± standard deviation. TSS = total soluble solid. Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey’s multiple range test ().