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| Type of the activities | Subjects | Activities | Supplement | References |
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| Antibacterial effect | O. dictamnus essential oils | Against salmonella enteritis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Staphylococcus aureus. | The inhibitory zone diameters of the six colonies were 25 ± 0.5 mm, 20 ± 0.7 mm, 30 ± 1.0 mm, 25 ± 0.5 mm, 25 ± 0.5 mm, 34 ± 0.5 mm, respectively. | [23] |
| O. compactum essential oils | Against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria innocua. | The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC: 0.06–0.25% (v/v)) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC: 0.12–0.5% (v/v)). | [24] |
| Methanol extract and O. acutidens essential oils | Obviously inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Lactococcus garvieae, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. | The mean inhibitory zones of methanol extract and O. acutidens essential oils on the bacterial strains were 28.0 ± 1.2 mm and 36.7 ± 0.7 mm. | [25] |
| O. vulgare L. essential oils | Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. | When the concentration reached 0.15 or 0.3 μL/mL, the growth of bacteria was significantly inhibited. | [26] |
| OEO | The antibacterial effects of OEO in combination with fluoroquinolones, doxycycline, lincomycin, and maquindox florfenicol displayed synergism against Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effects of OEO combined with amoxicillin, polymycin, and lincomycin showed an additive effect against Escherichia coli. | — | [27] |
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| Antioxidant effect | O. dubium extract | Antioxidant activity, antilipid peroxidation, and inhibitory activity of lipoxygenase. | — | [28] |
| O. vulgare L. subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) essential oils | Scavenge the DPPH radicals. | The IC50 values of three kinds of essential oils ranged from 59 to 80 mg/L. | [29] |
| O. majorana essential oils | Exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on DPPH, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation. | IC50 values of 58.67, 67.11, 91.25, 78.67, and 68.75 mg/mL, respectively. | [30] |
| O. vulgare L. essential oils | Increase the total antioxidant level in the serum of weaned piglets, increase the activity of GSH-PX and SOD, reduce the content of lipid peroxide MDA, and enhance the antioxidant performance of the body. | — | [31] |
| OEO | Effectively delay the oxidation of fat. | Adding 200 mg/kg of O. vulgare L. essential oils into the diet of rabbits. | [32] |
| OEO | Improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver and serum of rabbit. | — | [33] |
| O. vulgare essential oils | The addition of its essential oils to edible sesame oils could prevent the oxidation of grease and maintain the stability of grease. | — | [34] |
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| Anti-cancer effect | O. majorana essential oils | Significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of the MDA-MB-231 cells. | Suppress the phosphorylation of IκB, downregulate the nuclear level of NFκB, and reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in MDA-MB-231 cells. | [35] |
| O. onites essential oils (OOEO) | Exhibit a dose-dependent antiproliferative activity against four types of human cancer cells: melanoma cells (A375), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), and colon cancer cells (HT-29) lines. | The antiproliferative effect (lowest IC50 value for 72 h) was observed in the HT-29 (0.35 ± 0.2 μg/mL) followed by A375 (8.90 ± 0.7 μg/mL), MCF-7 (10.0 ± 1.7 μg/mL), and HepG2 (23.0 ± 4.2 μg/mL). | [3] |
| OEO | Inhibit liver cancer HepG2, son of man cervical cancer JTC-26, and lung cancer A549 growth. | The IC50 values of OEO against liver cancer HepG2, son of man cervical cancer JTC-26, and lung cancer A549 were 0.118, 0.118, and 0.059 mg/mL, respectively. | [36] |
| O. vulgare water extract | Green silver nanoparticles synthesized by reducing 1 mM silver nitrate solution from O. vulgare water extract (500 g/mL) significantly inhibited human lung cancer A549 cells growth. | The green synthesized silver nanoparticles against human lung cancer A549 cell line (LD 50–100 μg/ml). | [37] |
| Trans-sabinene hydrate from genus Origanum essential oils | Antiproliferation of breast cancer cell line. | — | [38] |
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| Anti-inflammatory effect | O. vulgare L. water extract | Have a good inhibitory effect on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammatory. | Reduce the production of cytokines such as PGE2, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in cells, as well as the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 mRNA. | [39] |
| O. vulgare essential oils | O. vulgare essential oils have a strong anti-inflammatory effect on human THP-1 cells. | Carvacrol and thymol from O. vulgare essential oils could reduce the synthesis of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor, β-IL, and synthesis of IL-6 cytokines and increase the synthesis of anti-inflammatory IL-10. | [40] |
| Rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid from oregano | Exhibit comparable anti-inflammatory activities contrasting to indomethacin, a recognized COX-2 inhibitor. | Reduce expression of iNOS protein and suppress COX-2 protein expression. | [41] |
| The methanol extract of O. vulgare | Inhibit the secretion of COX-2 and had anti-inflammatory activity in human epithelial cancer cells. | Methanol extract specifically attenuated the proinflammatory response mediated by T helper 17 cells and enhanced anti-inflammatory T helper 2 and T regulatory cells. | [42] |
| Oregano extract | Exhibit anti-inflammatory activities in mouse models of stress-induced gastritis and contact hypersensitivity. | — | [43] |
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| Immune regulation | O. vulgare L. essential oils | Both the high dose of 100 mg/kg/d × 7 d and the low dose of 50 mg/kg/d × 7 d had obvious inhibitory effect on the specific cellular immune function of normal mice. The dose of 50 mg/kg/d × 7 d significantly promoted the humoral immunity of mice, and 100 mg/kg/d × 7 d significantly inhibited the humoral immunity of mice. | — | [44] |
| OEO | Carvacrol and thymol of OEO could enhance cellular and humoral immunity of broilers. | — | [45] |
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| Hypoglycemic effect | O. vulgare leaves extract | Significant hypoglycemic activity. | By inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, promoting glucose uptake, and inhibiting glycation. | [48] |
| Methanol extract of O. vulgare | Methanol extract could reduce the incidence of diabetes and maintain normal insulin secretion. | Methanol extract prevented apoptosis of β cells in vitro by blocking caspase 3. | [42] |
| O. vulgare leaves water extract | O. vulgare leaves water extract had significant hypoglycemic effect on STZ diabetic rats. | The low dose of O. vulgare water extract (20 mg/kg) for 2 weeks was enough to normalize blood glucose levels in severely diabetic rats with fasting blood glucose of more than 20 mM. | [49] |
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| Growth-promoting effect | O. vulgare L. essential oils | Stimulate the appetite of animals, maintain the balance of intestinal flora, and improve the absorption capacity of animals to nutrients, promoting the growth of animals. | — | [13] |
| OEO | Improve feed conversion rate. | — | [50] |
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| Liver protection effect | Ethanol extract of O. vulgare leaves | The concentration of ethanol extract of O. vulgare leaves below 500 mg/kg had protective effect on paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. | — | [51] |
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| Antispasmodic effect | Aqueous extract of O. compactum powder | Exhibit antispasmodic effect. | Aqueous extract of O. compactum powder inhibited the effects of acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, BaCl2, 1, 1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide, and nicotine responses on the guinea pig ileum and also blocked the contractions elicited by electrical coaxial stimulation. | [52] |
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| Insecticidal effect | The essential oil from the leaves of O. majorana | Exhibit significant Culex pipiens-larvicidal activity. | The LC50 and LC90 are 258.71 mg/L (lower limit-upper limit:126.99–527.06 mg/L) and 580.49 mg/L and 580.49 mg/L (lower limit-upper limit:354.51–950.53 mg/L), respectively. | [53] |
| O. compactum essential oils | Larvicidal activity of O. compactum essential oil against Anisakis simplex L3 larvae. | LD50 0.429 mg/ml at 24 h and 0.344 mg/ml at 48 h. The mortality (%) after 24 and 48 h of treatment at 1 μl/ml was 100%. | [54] |
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| Enzyme inhibition | Aristolochia acid I and aristolochia acid II extracted from O. vulgare | Inhibit thrombin activity. | — | [55] |
| O. compactum essential oils, carvacrol and thymol from O. compactum essential oils | Inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. | O. compactum essential oils (IC50 0.124 mg/ml), carvacrol (IC50 0.113 mg/ml), and thymol (IC50 0.625 mg/ml). | [54] |
| O. vulgare essential oils, ethanol extract | Inhibit tyrosinase activity. | The values for tyrosinase inhibitory activity of O. vulgare ethanol extract, essential oil, and arbutin (positive control) were calculated to be 6.5 ± 0.2%, 26.5 ± 0.3% and 50.0 ± 0.1%, respectively. | [56] |
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