Microencapsulation of Essential Oils by Spray-Drying and Influencing Factors

Table 2

Microencapsulated EOs applied in various fields.

Fields of application	Type of EO	Purpose	Result	Reference
Food	Thyme EO	Antimicrobial	Thyme EO encapsulated by casein-maltodextrin by the spray-drying method exhibited antioxidant, as well as in vitro and in situ antibacterial against L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and S. typhimurium were also inhibited	Radünz et al. [82]
	Lemongrass EO	Insecticidal	The release of citral from the encapsulated lemongrass EO in a slow and controlled manner has exerted an insecticidal effect against potato tuber moth up to one week of experiment	Jovanović et al. [83]
	Orange EO	Antifungal	Encapsulation into zein and β-cyclodextrin complexes has enhanced the capability of orange EO in decelerating the cake spoilage caused by A. terreus, A. Niger, and A. fumigatus growth from 30 to 150 days	Kringel et al. [84]
	Lamiaceae EO and oregano EO	Antifungal	The use of niosome-based encapsulated EOs has reduced the fungal growth and aflatoxin accumulation in maize grains for 75 days	García-Díaz et al. [85]
	Oregano EO	Antifungal	Nanoencapsulated oregano EO inhibited the growth of Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp. isolated from Minas Padrão cheese	Bedoya-Serna et al. [86]
	Rosemary EO	Antibacterial	Encapsulation of rosemary EO onto chitosan-benzoic acid nanogel reduced the growth of S. typhimurium which helped in extending meat shelf-life	Hadian et al. [87]
	Lemon EO	Stability	Stability of encapsulated lemon oil was maintained up to 6 months	Kausadikar et al. [62]
	Rosemary EO	Antimicrobial	The mucilage-coated rosemary EO maintained the ascorbic acid content and color, reduced peroxidase enzyme, and inhibited microbial growth	Alikhani [46]
Food Packaging	Cinnamon EO	Antimicrobial	The Ag^+/Zn^2+-permutite containing cinnamon EO showed sustained release and strong inhibitory activity against Aspergillus Niger and Penicillium sp., thus controlling the degradation of fresh Chinese bayberry	Niu et al. [88]
	Lemongrass EO	Antimicrobial	Lemongrass EOs was sustainably released from alginate films and exhibited antimicrobial activities against E. coli and B. cinerea. Such activity was affected by the droplet size and storage conditions (4°C)	Riquelme et al. [89]
Pharmaceutical	Thyme EO	Antimicrobial and stability	Upon encapsulation to lipid matrix microparticles, thyme EOs quality was stable during feed pelleting and storage processes. In addition, the oil was slowly released in a controlled manner in weaned pigs	Choi et al. [90]
	Jasmine EO	Antioxidant and anticancer	By loading onto pectin/chitosan nanoparticles, the anticancer activity of jasmine EO against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was 13-folded improved, possibly due to enhanced thermal stability	Attallah et al. [91]
	Lime EO	Propionibacterium acne treatment	Results from disk difusion assay have shown that lime EO encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles has improved its inhibitory activity against Propionibacterium acnes, as compared to the nonencapsulated formula	Julianti and Rusliati [92]
	Rosemary EO	Antimicrobial and wound healing	Rosemary EO loaded into the lipid nanocarriers (NLCs) inhibited Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus aureus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also accelerated wound healing and reduced the rate of tissue bacterial colonization	Khezri et al. [93]
	Vetiver EO	Sedative activity and hypnotic activity	Vetiver oil cross-linked polymeric microcapsules were able to provide a sustained release of encapsulated oil	Ali et al. [94]
	Peppermint EO	Antibacterial activity and wound healing	Peppermint-EO-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) showed antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The animals administered with NLC showed increasing wound contraction rate	Ghodrati et al. [95]
	Babchi EO	Dermatological treatment	Encapsulation of Babchi EO in microsponges exhibited antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli.	Wadhwa et al. [96]
	Rosemary EO	Anti-inflammatory	Nanoemulsion containing rosemary EO was confirmed to inhibit the inflammatory process in zebrafish	Borges et al. [97]
	Citronella EO	Mosquito repellent	The efficiency of applying β-cyclodextrin containing the citronella oil system as repellent against Aedes aegypti was 84.67% after 5 minutes	Pujiastuti et al. [98]
	Cardamom EO	Antimicrobial	Cardamom-oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles combatted β-lactamase-producing E. coli and MRSA	Jamil et al. [99]
Textile	Limonene and permethrin	Mosquito repellent	Cotton fabrics containing limonene and permethrin capsules showed repellency after 20 washing cycles	Türkoğlu et al. [100]
	Tea tree EO	Antibacterial	The capsules made of tea tree EO and Arabic gum, polyvinyl alcohol, and β-cyclodextrin were applied to viscose fabric, showing antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus	Beşen et al. [101]
	Lime EO	Antibacterial	The growth of E. coli, B. cereus, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus on the surface of cotton fabrics containing lime EO microcapsules was inhibited before and after washing	Wijesirigunawardana et al. [24]
	Thyme EO	Antimicrobial	Microcapsules of thyme EO and gelatin/gum Arabic were applied on nonwoven fabric and showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans	Karagonlu et al. [102]
	Vanillin and limonene	Antibacterial agent and fragrance	Application of limonene and vanillin encapsulated in chitosan/gum Arabic inhibited E. coli and S. aureus growth	Sharkawy et al. [103]
	Lemongrass EO	Mosquito repellency	Cotton fabrics containing lemongrass encapsulates had resistance against mosquito bites and durability after 30 wash cycles	Vinayagamoorthy et al. [104]
	Citronella EO	Fragrance	Gelatin-gum Arabic citronella EO microcapsules formed hydrogen bonds with cotton fiber, thereby releasing EO in a controlled manner from the cellulose matrix	Bezerra et al. [105]
	Thyme EO, cypress EO, and grapefruit EO	UV protection and mosquito repellency	Applying EOs onto bamboo/tencel fabric resulted in UV protection and mosquito prevention for a long duration	Geethadevi et al. [106]
	Rosemary EO, Bergamot EO, and lemon EO	Fragrance	EOs were encapsulated in methyl methacrylate-styrene, resulting in nanocapsules with small size and uniform distribution. These nanocapsules were applied to produce fragrant fabrics with good thermal stability and washing durability	Liu et al. [107]
	Peppermint EO	Antimicrobial agent and fragrance	Encapsulated peppermint EO in alginate was applied on cotton fabric. The EO was slowly released and exhibited inhibitory activity against S. aureus and E. coli	Ghayempour et al. [108]