|
Seaweed | Antiviral compound | Function | References |
|
Green seaweeds |
Ulva lactuca (as Ulva fasciata) | Sphingosine, N-palmitoyl-2-amino 1,3,4,5-tetyrahydroxyoctadecane | Prevents from Semliki Forest virus (SFV) | Garg et al. [85] |
Halimeda tuna | Halitunal (diterpene) | Prevents from murine coronavirus A59 | Koehn et al. [86] |
Caulerpa racemosa | Sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol | Prevents from herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) | Wang et al. [87] |
Monostroma latissinum | Rhamnan sulphate | HSV-1, HCMV, HIV-1 | Lee et al. [88] |
|
Brown seaweeds |
Dictyota friabilis (formerly Dictyota pfaffii) | Dollabelladiene derivative and 10,18-diacetoxy–8-hydroxy 2,6-dollabeladiene | Anti-HSV-1 activity, inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | Ireland and Faulknar [89]; Barbosa et al. [90] |
Ecklonia cava | Phlorotannin derivatives (8,80-bieckol and 8,400-bieckol) | Inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease [34] | Fukuyama et al. [91] |
Adenocystis utricularis | Fucoidan | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Ponce et al. [84] |
Ishige okamurae | Sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol | Prevents from herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) | Wang et al. [87] |
Leathesia marina (formerly Leathesia difformis) | Fucoidan | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Feldman et al. [92] |
Sargassum horneri | Fucoidan | HSV-1, HCMV, HIV-1 | Hoshino et al. [93] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Fucoidan | HIV | Béress et al. [94] |
Silvetia compressa (formerly Pelvetia fastigiata) | Fucoidan | HBV | Venkateswaran et al. [95] |
|
Red seaweeds |
Gracilaria corticata | Sulphated agarans | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Mazumdur et al. [96] |
Chondracanthus tenellus (formerly Gigartina tenella) | Sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol, a new sulfolipid KM043 | Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA and HIV-l reverse transcriptase type 1 | Ohata et al. [97] |
Laurencia venusta | Venustatriol, thyrsiferol, and thyrsiferyl 23-acetate | Prevents from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herps simplex virus type 1 (HSV-l) | Sakemi et al. [98] |
Nothogenia fastigiata | Xylomannan and xylogalactan | Inhibits the multiplication of HSV-1 and HSV-2 | Domente et al. [82] |
Gymnogongrus torulosus | DL-hybrid galactans | HSV-2, dengue virus 2 | Pujol et al. [99] |
Bostrychia montagnei | Sulphated agarans | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Duarte et al. [100] |
Asparagopsis armata | Sulphated agarans | HIV-1 | Haslin et al. [101] |
Stenogramme interrupta | Carrageenans | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Cáceres et al. [102] |
Cryptopleura ramosa | Sulphated agarans | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Carlucci et al. [103] |
Sarcopeltis skottsbergii (formerly Gigartina skottsbergii) | Lambda-, kappa/iota-, and carrageenans | HSV-1, HSV-2 | Carlucci et al. [104]; Carlucci et al. [105] |
Pterocladiella capillacea | Sulphated agarans and DL-hybrid galactans | HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV | Pujol et al. [106] |
Agardhiella subulata (formerly Agardhiella tenera) | Sulphated agarans | HIV-2, HIV-2, HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV, VSV, inf A, RSV, vaccinia, togaviruses, parainfluenza virus | Witvrouw et al. [107] |
Schizymenia dubyi | Sulphated galactans with uronic acids | HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, VSV | Bourgougnon et al. [108] |
Schizymenia pacifica | Lambda-carrageenan | HIV-1, AMV | Nakashima et al. [109] |
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