Seaweed as a Source of Natural Antioxidants: Therapeutic Activity and Food Applications

Table 3

Seaweed with various antiviral compound and its function.

Seaweed	Antiviral compound	Function	References
Green seaweeds
Ulva lactuca (as Ulva fasciata)	Sphingosine, N-palmitoyl-2-amino 1,3,4,5-tetyrahydroxyoctadecane	Prevents from Semliki Forest virus (SFV)	Garg et al. [85]
Halimeda tuna	Halitunal (diterpene)	Prevents from murine coronavirus A59	Koehn et al. [86]
Caulerpa racemosa	Sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol	Prevents from herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)	Wang et al. [87]
Monostroma latissinum	Rhamnan sulphate	HSV-1, HCMV, HIV-1	Lee et al. [88]
Brown seaweeds
Dictyota friabilis (formerly Dictyota pfaffii)	Dollabelladiene derivative and 10,18-diacetoxy–8-hydroxy 2,6-dollabeladiene	Anti-HSV-1 activity, inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	Ireland and Faulknar [89]; Barbosa et al. [90]
Ecklonia cava	Phlorotannin derivatives (8,80-bieckol and 8,400-bieckol)	Inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease [34]	Fukuyama et al. [91]
Adenocystis utricularis	Fucoidan	HSV-1, HSV-2	Ponce et al. [84]
Ishige okamurae	Sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol	Prevents from herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)	Wang et al. [87]
Leathesia marina (formerly Leathesia difformis)	Fucoidan	HSV-1, HSV-2	Feldman et al. [92]
Sargassum horneri	Fucoidan	HSV-1, HCMV, HIV-1	Hoshino et al. [93]
Fucus vesiculosus	Fucoidan	HIV	Béress et al. [94]
Silvetia compressa (formerly Pelvetia fastigiata)	Fucoidan	HBV	Venkateswaran et al. [95]
Red seaweeds
Gracilaria corticata	Sulphated agarans	HSV-1, HSV-2	Mazumdur et al. [96]
Chondracanthus tenellus (formerly Gigartina tenella)	Sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol, a new sulfolipid KM043	Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA and HIV-l reverse transcriptase type 1	Ohata et al. [97]
Laurencia venusta	Venustatriol, thyrsiferol, and thyrsiferyl 23-acetate	Prevents from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herps simplex virus type 1 (HSV-l)	Sakemi et al. [98]
Nothogenia fastigiata	Xylomannan and xylogalactan	Inhibits the multiplication of HSV-1 and HSV-2	Domente et al. [82]
Gymnogongrus torulosus	DL-hybrid galactans	HSV-2, dengue virus 2	Pujol et al. [99]
Bostrychia montagnei	Sulphated agarans	HSV-1, HSV-2	Duarte et al. [100]
Asparagopsis armata	Sulphated agarans	HIV-1	Haslin et al. [101]
Stenogramme interrupta	Carrageenans	HSV-1, HSV-2	Cáceres et al. [102]
Cryptopleura ramosa	Sulphated agarans	HSV-1, HSV-2	Carlucci et al. [103]
Sarcopeltis skottsbergii (formerly Gigartina skottsbergii)	Lambda-, kappa/iota-, and carrageenans	HSV-1, HSV-2	Carlucci et al. [104]; Carlucci et al. [105]
Pterocladiella capillacea	Sulphated agarans and DL-hybrid galactans	HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV	Pujol et al. [106]
Agardhiella subulata (formerly Agardhiella tenera)	Sulphated agarans	HIV-2, HIV-2, HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV, VSV, inf A, RSV, vaccinia, togaviruses, parainfluenza virus	Witvrouw et al. [107]
Schizymenia dubyi	Sulphated galactans with uronic acids	HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, VSV	Bourgougnon et al. [108]
Schizymenia pacifica	Lambda-carrageenan	HIV-1, AMV	Nakashima et al. [109]