Ultrasound-Assisted Rapid ZIF-8 Synthesis, Porous ZnO Preparation by Heating ZIF-8, and Their Photocatalytic Activity

Du, Pham Dinh; Hieu, Nguyen Trung; Thien, Tran Vinh

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9988998

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Advanced Applications of Organometallic Nanomaterials

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 9988998 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9988998

Ultrasound-Assisted Rapid ZIF-8 Synthesis, Porous ZnO Preparation by Heating ZIF-8, and Their Photocatalytic Activity

Pham Dinh Du,¹Nguyen Trung Hieu,¹and Tran Vinh Thien²

Academic Editor: Duy Trinh Nguyen

Received02 Apr 2021

Revised11 May 2021

Accepted11 Jun 2021

Published02 Jul 2021

Abstract

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is synthesized quickly at room temperature in methanol with the support of ultrasound. Porous ZnO is also prepared via the thermal treatment of ZIF-8. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained materials are demonstrated via methylene blue (MB) decomposition under UV radiation. The obtained materials are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DR-UV-Vis), and photoluminescence spectra. The results indicate that ZIF-8 and the materials obtained from ZIF-8 by heating in the air have photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. The ZnO sample obtained by ZIF-8 calcination at 660°C for 5 h has the highest photocatalytic activity. However, the MB degradation photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO samples is even lower than that of the ZIF-8 samples, indicating that ZIF-8 is an effective photocatalyst in the treatment of environmental pollution.

1. Introduction

Zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) is a hybrid material of zinc ions with 2-methylimidazole (denoted as meIm), forming crystals in the cubic space group I3m ( Å) [1, 2]. ZIF-8 crystals are usually synthesized in N,N-dimethylformamide and possess thermal stability from room temperature to 450°C and chemical stability in benzene, methanol, and water at boiling temperature for up to a week [1]. In addition, ZIF-8 has a large surface area ( m²·g^-1) and a large porous volume (0.636 cm³·g^-1) [1].

ZIF-8 has been utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for numerous reactions. In 2013, Wee et al. [3] employed zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as a catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid and glycerol. The synthesis of styrene carbonate from CO₂ and styrene oxide with ZIF-8 as a catalyst was also studied by Zhu et al. [4]. ZIF-8 was also an effective heterogeneous catalyst for ethyl methyl carbonate synthesis from dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate [5]. In addition to catalyzing organic synthesis, ZIF-8 was also used as a photocatalyst to decompose organic pollutants [6, 7]. In 2014, Jing et al. [6] used ZIF-8 as a photocatalyst to decompose methylene blue. The authors also showed that ZIF-8 has higher photocatalytic activity than other materials. In addition, ZIF-8 is also used as a substrate to fabricate composites [8–16] or core-shell materials [17–20] with different elements to expand the applicability of this metal-organic framework material.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an -type semiconductor with a wide bandgap (3.37 eV) and a large excitation binding energy (60 meV) at room temperature [21–25]. This material has unique electrical and photovoltaic properties, so it has been studied and applied in the fields of photocatalysis, gas sensing, medicine, electrochemistry, and solar cells [21–24, 26–32]ZnO has extremely rich morphologies, depending on the synthesis method, such as spheres [27, 30], nanorods [28], nanowires [29], and flower-shaped nano [32].

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous solid nanomaterials created from metal ions (or inorganic hybrid centers) linked to organic bridges. Besides the direct use, MOFs can be alternatively used as sacrificial templates/precursors for the preparation of a wide range of hybrid inorganic nanomaterials in straightforward and controllable manners [33]. ZIF-8 is a metal-organic framework material made up of Zn atoms linked to meIm, forming the formula Zn(meIm)₂. Therefore, it is possible to create porous ZnO structures via the thermal treatment of the ZIF-8 material [21, 26]. Yang et al. [34] indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO/ZIF-8 hybrid material was also improved, compared with ZIF-8.

Studies on ZIF-8 have become attractive after the work by Cravillon et al. [35], who reported the rapid synthesis of nanostructured ZIF-8 crystals at room temperature in the methanol solution of zinc (II) nitrate and meIm. After that, Bux et al. [36, 37] utilized other metal precursors in methanol and the coating method to successfully produce ZIF-8 films on titania and α-alumina, McCarthy et al. [38] and Venna and Carreon [39] also synthesized ZIF-8 membrane in methanol at room temperature with α-Al₂O₃ support. These materials could separate gases with higher hydrogen filtration from the mixture of H₂/N₂, H₂/CH₄, and H₂/C₃H₈ [36–38] and collect carbon dioxide from the CO₂/CH₄ mixture [39]. Recently, ZIF-8 has been widely prepared by solvothermal method [1, 3], the microwave-assisted method [40, 41], the reverse microemulsion method [42], the room-temperature synthesis in methanol [4, 34, 35], the room-temperature synthesis in water [43], the ultrasonic synthesis [12], etc. However, the search for a simple synthesis method with short preparation time and energy saving is still attracting much attention of scientists.

In this paper, we present a rapid ultrasound-assisted method for synthesizing ZIF-8 in methanol and, therefore, the manufacture of porous ZnO by heating ZIF-8 in the air (at temperature of 250, 500, or 660°C). The photocatalytic activity of the obtained material is also assessed through methylene blue decomposition under UV radiation.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, Fisher), 2-methylimidazole (C₄H₆N₂, 99%, Acros) (denoted as meIm), methanol (CH₃OH, 99.9%, Fisher) (denoted as MeOH), and methylene blue (C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S, Merck) (denoted as MB) are used in this study.

2.2. Preparation of ZIF-8 and Porous ZnO

The synthesis of ZIF-8 (Scheme 1) was carried out according to earlier reports with some modifications [4, 44]. In a typical process, 8 mmol of Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O was dissolved in 1.4 mol of MeOH (solutions 1), and 64.4 mmol of meIm was dissolved in 1.4 mol of MeOH (solutions 2). Solution 2 was then added to solution 1, and the as-prepared mixture was stirred for 8 h. Finally, the obtained ZIF-8 powder (denoted as Z-stir-(8 h)) was collected by using centrifugation at 3000 rpm, washed three times with MeOH, and dried overnight at 100°C.

The influence of ultrasonic conditions on the structural forming efficiency of the ZIF-8 material was investigated by treating the mixture of solutions 1 and 2 with ultrasound for 0.5, 1, and 2 h (SONICS Vibra-cell ultrasound equipment). The samples were denoted as Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h), Z-ultrasound-(1 h), and Z-ultrasound-(2 h).

Zinc oxide (ZnO) was obtained by heating ZIF-8 in the air at different temperatures for a specified time (Scheme 1). The resulting ZnO samples were denoted as Z--(h), where is the treatment temperature (°C) and is the treatment time (h).

2.3. Material Characterization

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a VNU-D8 Advance Instrument (Bruker, Germany) under Cu Kα radiation ( Å). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained by using an SEM JMS-5300LV (Japan), and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were recorded with a Jasco FT/IR–4600 spectrometer (Japan) in the range of 4000-400 cm⁻¹. The N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherm measurement test was performed at 77 K in a Tristar 3000 analyzer, and before setting the dry mass, the samples were degassed at 250°C with N₂ for 5 h. The thermal behavior of the samples was investigated by using thermal analysis on Labsys TG/dTG SETARAM. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance (DR-UV-Vis) data were collected over the spectral range 190-800 nm with a UV2600 Shimadzu (Japan) spectrophotometer equipped with an integrated sphere with BaSO₄ as a reference. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the materials were recorded on a FluoroMax-4 (Horiba) at the 100 nm excitation wavelength.

2.4. Photocatalytic Activity Studies

The photocatalytic activity of ZIF-8 (or ZnO) samples was assessed through the photocatalytic degradation of MB under UV-C radiation (Philips TUV 16W T5 4P-SE, Poland) (Scheme 2). 0.05 g of the catalyst was added to 100 mL of 5 mg·L^–1 MB solution in a 500 mL two-necked flask with a reflux condenser. Before irradiation, the suspension solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 60 min to achieve adsorption-desorption equilibrium. During irradiation, the magnetic stirring was maintained to create a homogeneous suspension. After each determined period, 5 mL of solution was withdrawn, centrifuged to remove the catalyst, and the concentration of the remaining MB solution was determined with the UV-Vis method on a Jasco V-770 (Japan) at nm.

The degradation efficiency (%) of MB was calculated according to the following equation: where is the concentration of MB in the solution at time and is the concentration of MB at the initial time.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of ZIF-8

Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of the Z-stir-(8 h) and the ZIF-8 samples synthesized with a different treatment time with ultrasound. The characteristic peaks of the ZIF-8 structure are similar to those reported in other work [1, 4, 15, 16, 39, 45–48]. In particular, the diffraction peak (011) at 7.2° has a high intensity, indicating that ZIF-8 is highly crystalline [48]. In addition, the samples synthesized under ultrasound have peaks with higher intensity and sharper shape than the Z-stir-(8 h) sample. This shows that ultrasound significantly contributes to the formation of crystals in the materials.

The morphology of the Z-stir-(8 h) and ZIF-8 samples synthesized with a different treatment time with ultrasound is very similar (Figure 2). They all include cubes or hexagons with edges of about ~100 nm. However, when the treatment time is 1 or 2 h (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)), the surface of the material is no longer smooth. Therefore, 0.5 h should be an appropriate treatment time with ultrasound for the synthesis of ZIF-8 with high crystallinity and homogeneous morphology.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The FT-IR spectra of Z-stir-(8 h) and Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) samples are also similar to those reported on ZIF-8 [5, 10, 15, 47–49]. The peaks at 3122 and 2920 cm^-
1 correspond to the asymmetric stretching vibrations of aliphatic C-H and in aromatic rings (Figure 3(a)). The absorption band at 1574 cm^-
1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of the C=N bond, and the peaks at 1140 and 1305 cm^-
1 correspond to the bending signals of the imidazole ring. The peaks at 1416 and 1432 cm^-
1 are assigned to the stretching vibrations of the imidazole ring. Similarly, the peaks at 991 and 748 cm^-
1 can be attributed to the bending vibrations of C-N and C-H. In addition, the peak at 690 cm^-
1 is an out-of-plane bending variation of the imidazole ring. The sharp absorption band at 416 cm^-
1 is generated by the stretching vibration of Zn-N, indicating that zinc atoms are bound to the nitrogen atoms in the 2-methylimidazolate bridges. These peaks indicate the presence of the ZIF-8 structure in all the material samples.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3(b) shows the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the Z-stir-(8 h) and Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) samples at 77 K. According to the IUPAC classification, these isotherms belong to type I, indicating that these materials have porosity at a micron scale. The specific surface areas of the Z-stir-(8 h) and Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) samples are 1279 m²·g^-1 and 1367 m²·g^-1, respectively (Table 1).

3.2. Characterization of ZnO

Because the sample Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) has a large surface area and high crystallinity, it was utilized to produce porous ZnO. The thermal behavior of meIm, untreated ZIF-8, and heat-treated ZIF-8 at 250, 500, and 660°C for 3 hours is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) displays two weight losses of 61.8 and 31.1% at 226 and 332°C, corresponding to the decomposition and combustion of meIm. Three weight losses are observed with the ZIF-8 sample (Figure 4(b)). The first one of about 13.6% at 87°C and then at 244°C is probably due to the removal of physically adsorbed water and the formation of 2-methylimidazole precursor bonds on the surface of the material [46, 47]. The second weight loss of about 29.6% at 473°C is attributed to the decomposition of imidazole bridges in the metal-organic framework structure of ZIF-8. The third weight loss of about 17.5% at 655°C is ascribed to the decomposition and burning off of the remaining organic components in the material [47]. No weight losses are observed from 750 to 900°C, indicating that pure zinc oxide is formed. Therefore, the temperatures 250, 500, and 660°C are selected for the thermal treatment of ZIF-8 to produce porous zinc oxide (Figure 4(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

The TG/dTG profiles of the Z-x-(3 h) samples are shown in Figure 4(c). For the Z-250-(3 h) sample, only one weight loss of about 59.0% occurs at 473°C. This loss corresponds to the breakdown of the imidazole bridges in the structure, which demonstrates that the structure of the ZIF-8 material remains stable after being treated at 250°C. This is also evidenced on the X-ray diffraction patterns in Figure 5(a).

(a)

(b)

The X-ray diffraction of ZIF-8 treated at 250°C for 3 h still shows peaks at the angles lower than 30°, typical of ZIF-8 material, and no peaks are observed at higher angles (Figure 5(a)). For the Z-500-(3 h) and Z-660-(3 h) samples, no weight losses are observed, indicating that the organic components in the material are completely decomposed, and the resulting product is zinc oxide (Figure 4(c)). This result is also confirmed on the X-ray patterns of these two samples (Figure 5(a)), where only diffraction peaks specific to ZnO are present. In particular, the sample treated at 660°C has characteristic peaks for ZnO with high intensity, revealing high crystallinity and purity of the material. This crystallinity and purity might increase the photocatalytic activity of the obtained zinc oxide. Therefore, the temperature 660°C is chosen to investigate the influence of thermal treatment time on the structure of the resulting zinc oxide. The XRD patterns of Z-660-(h) samples in Figure 5(b) show that the intensity of the specific peaks for zinc oxide increases significantly with the treatment time from 3 to 5 h. However, longer treatment time does not affect the crystallinity of the material.

The SEM images indicate that the ZnO sample treated at 660°C for 5 h possesses particles of about 50-100 nm in diameter, sticking together to form pores in the material (Figure 6(a)). Meanwhile, the ZnO sample treated for 7 h sticks together to form particles with a larger diameter and lower porosity (Figure 6(b)).

(a)

(b)

As a result, the following study focuses on the Z-660-(5 h) sample. As can be seen in Figure 7(a), no typical absorption bands for meIm are observed; instead, the absorption band at 400-550 cm^-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of Zn-O [17, 21, 31] confirms the formation of ZnO. This result is consistent with that of X-ray diffraction shown in Figure 5(b). Figure 7(b) shows the isotherms of the Z-660-(5 h) sample with strong condensation at relatively high pressure. This is the result of the condensation and evaporation of N₂ in the capillaries formed among the ZnO particles. The specific surface area of the Z-660-(5 h) sample is 4.0 m²·g^-1 (slightly lower than that reported by Du et al. on the porous ZnO prepared from ZIF-8, m²·g^-1 [21]).

(a)

(b)

3.3. Photocatalytic Activity of ZIF-8 and ZnO

Figure 8 shows that methylene blue is relatively stable under UV irradiation, and its decomposition is only 17% after 240 min of irradiation. In the dark, the Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) sample provides only 10% of MB adsorption after 60 minutes, and the decomposition reaches 19% after 240 min of reaction. The other ZIF-8 samples also exhibit 8-10% adsorption after 60 minutes without UV irradiation. However, the decomposition of MB occurs rapidly with an efficiency of 58-64% after 180 minutes of the irradiation (Figure 8). This indicates that all the studied ZIF-8 samples have photocatalytic activity.

On the DR-UV-Vis spectrum, the meIm and the Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) samples exhibit main absorption edges at 230 nm (Figure 9(a)), corresponding to the value of 5.15 eV, determined on the Kubelka–Munk plot (Figure 9(b)). Other authors [6–8, 25, 34, 50–52] also report a similar for ZIF-8. In addition, the Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) sample also has weak absorption bands at 303 and 415 nm (the inset in Figure 9(a)), corresponding to an of 3.65 and 2.55 eV (the inset in Figure 9(b)). Thanh et al. [52] also indicate that ZIF-8 has weak absorption bands corresponding to of 3.5, 2.1, and 1.8 eV. These authors suggest that this may be due to the doped centers of nitrogen. The appearance of these narrow regions explains the high photocatalytic activity of ZIF-8.

(a)

(b)

Heating temperatures also affect the structure of ZnO and, therefore, the decomposition efficiency of MB (Figure 10). Three temperatures, namely, 250, 500, and 660°C, are used to prepare ZnO, and all the samples have photocatalytic activity. The efficiency of MB decomposition on the Z-250-(3 h) sample is 39% after 180 minutes of the irradiation, much lower than that of ZIF-8 samples (58-64%), although the Z-250-(3 h) sample still has the structure of ZIF-8 (thermal and XRD analysis results are shown in Figures 4(c) and 5(a)). This decrease of efficiency might result from the fact that the imidazole binding components on the surface of ZIF-8 material are partly removed, and the crystallinity of the material also reduces.

Unlike the Z-250-(3 h) sample, the Z-500-(3 h) and Z-660-(3 h) samples possess lower catalytic activity with 15% and 31% of colour removal efficiency, respectively, after 180 minutes of the irradiation. Because, at 500-660°C, the organic component of the metal-organic framework burns completely, the remaining product consists of only ZnO crystals (Figure 5(a)). Thus, both these two samples should have the same photocatalytic activity.

The treatment time at 660°C has a significant influence on the catalytic activity of ZnO (Figure 11). The removal efficiency increases from 31% for the Z-660-(3 h) to 57% for the Z-660-(5 h) sample. However, the Z-660-(7 h) sample only reaches 48% of efficiency after 180 minutes of irradiation. The highest photocatalytic activity of the Z-660-(5 h) sample might be the result of its high crystallinity (compared with the Z-660-(3 h) sample) and high porosity (compared with the Z-660-(7 h) sample).

Figure 12 shows the DR-UV-Vis spectrum and the plot of Kubelka–Munk function versus the energy of absorbed light of the Z-250-(3 h) and Z-660-(5 h) samples. The Z-250-(3 h) sample has a main absorption edge at 230 nm, corresponding to an of 5.15 eV, similar to the bandgap energy of the meIm bridges. In addition, this sample also has an absorption band at about 418 nm, corresponding to an of 2.70 eV. The presence of this narrow bandgap energy explains its higher photocatalytic activity than that of the samples treated at 500 and 660°C. For the Z-660-(5 h) sample, there is only the main absorption edge at 370 nm, corresponding to an of 3.25 eV, similar to the of ZnO reported by others [23–25, 27, 31].

(a)

(b)

As can be seen that the photocatalytic activity of the Z-250-(3 h) sample (Figure 10) and the Z-660-(5 h) sample (Figure 11) is slightly lower than that of ZIF-8 (Figure 8). This result is contrary to what published by Du et al. [21]. This discrepancy may be due to the difference in the synthetic method. In this study, ZIF-8 is prepared in MeOH, while in Du et al.’s report [21], ZIF-8 is synthesized in water.

The photoluminescence (PL) emission is often used to investigate the recombination of photo-excited electron-hole pairs in photocatalytic materials. A high PL intensity indicates a high recombination rate, i.e., the shorter electron-hole separation time, and a low PL intensity suggests a low recombination rate and therefore a high electron-hole separation time. This is an important factor for photocatalytic reactions.

On the photoluminescence spectrum obtained at the excitation wavelength of 100 nm, meIm (for comparison), Z-660-(5 h), and Z-250-(3 h) samples exhibit a broad emission (595-608 nm) with the highest intensity at 602 nm (Figure 13(a)). In particular, the PL emission intensity of the Z-250-(3 h) sample is the lowest and significantly lower than that of meIm, indicating that the electron-hole separation time in the Z-250-(3 h) sample is longer, contributing to the higher photocatalytic efficiency of the Z-250-(3 h) sample.

(a)

(b)

Although the Z-660-(5 h) sample has a higher PL emission intensity than the Z-250-(3 h) sample, it has a narrow bandgap energy ( eV) and, therefore, also high photocatalytic activity. Unlike Malik et al.’s result [7] (ZIF-8 has a maximum PL intensity at 482 nm with excitation wavelength at 240 nm) and Zheng et al.’s result [9] (ZIF-8 has a maximum PL intensity at 445 nm), the PL spectrum of the Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) sample in this study does not exhibit PL emission bands (Figure 13(b)). The reason for this is probably because the metal-organic framework structure of the resulting ZIF-8 material acts as electron sinks, preventing electron-hole recombination. This is because the Z-ultrasound-(0.5 h) sample has several values, which reduces the rate of electron-hole recombination. This result proves that ZIF-8 is a promising photocatalyst.

4. Conclusions

In this study, ZIF-8 material is successfully synthesized with the support of ultrasonic waves in methanol. Porous ZnO is also easily obtained with the thermal treatment of ZIF-8. The resulting ZIF-8 is highly crystalline and has high thermal stability at temperatures below 250°C. Both obtained ZIF-8 and ZnO have photocatalytic activity for MB decomposition in aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. The ZnO obtained from ZIF-8 by calcining in the air at 660°C for 5 h has high crystallinity and photocatalytic activity. However, the photocatalytic activity of ZIF-8 is slightly higher than that of ZnO (58-64% as opposed to 57%), indicating that ZIF-8 is a potential photocatalyst capable of practical application for the treatment of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was sponsored by the Thu Dau Mot University under Decision No. 260/QĐ-ĐHTDM dated 18/02/2020.

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Copyright © 2021 Pham Dinh Du et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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