Mini-<i>α</i>A Upregulates the miR-155-5p Target Gene CDK2 and Plays an Antiapoptotic Role in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells during Oxidative Stress

Chen, Qianyin; Lin, Huimin; Li, Shengnan; Deng, Xuan; Zhang, Jinglin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6713094

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 6713094 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6713094

Mini-αA Upregulates the miR-155-5p Target Gene CDK2 and Plays an Antiapoptotic Role in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells during Oxidative Stress

Qianyin Chen,¹Huimin Lin,¹Shengnan Li,²Xuan Deng,³and Jinglin Zhang^1,4

Academic Editor: Biju B. Thomas

Received09 Mar 2022

Revised09 Jan 2023

Accepted18 Jan 2023

Published14 Feb 2023

Abstract

Background. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of serious vision loss in the elderly. Regulating microRNA (miRNA) gene expression offers exciting new avenues for treating AMD. This study aimed to investigate whether miRNAs and their target genes play an antiapoptotic role during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells via mini-αA. Methods. ARPE-19 cells were treated with 3.5 mM NaIO3 for 48 h to establish a retinal degeneration model. Cells were treated with mini-αA (10, 15, and 20 μM) for 4 h. miR-155-5p was knocked down and overexpressed. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The reactive oxygen species level was detected by flow cytometry. miR-155-5p target genes were predicted via bioinformatics. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed for miR-155-5p target genes. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect miRNAs and cell cycle-related target genes. Western blotting was performed to measure the levels of apoptotic pathway genes encoding Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to verify the targeted binding relationship between miR-155-5p and CDK2. Results. NaIO3 can induce oxidative damage and promote apoptosis. Conversely, mini-αA had inhibitory effects and could reverse the oxidative damage and apoptosis triggered by NaIO3 in the retinal degeneration model. The expression of miR-155-5p was upregulated in cells treated with NaIO3 and was downregulated after mini-αA treatment. Furthermore, miR-155-5p can target the following cell cycle-related and proliferation-related genes: CDK2, CDK4, CCND1, and CCND2. Moreover, our study indicated that miR-155-5p was involved in the antioxidative damage and antiapoptotic effects of mini-αA via CDK2 regulation. Conclusions. miR-155-5p promotes the antioxidative damage and antiapoptotic effects of mini-αA during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of RPE cells via CDK2 regulation. This study provides a new therapeutic target for AMD.

1. Introduction

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a layer between the extracellular segments of the choroid and photoreceptors, constituting a key structure for maintaining normal retinal metabolism and visual function [1]. The abnormal function and apoptosis of RPE cells caused by aging, injury, metabolism, and genetic abnormalities can lead to retinal degeneration, visual impairment, and even irreversible vision loss, representing an important class of blinding diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis, and Stargardt’s macular dystrophy [2]. The global prevalence of AMD has reached 8.7%, representing one of the most important causes of blindness among the elderly worldwide [3, 4]. AMD is clinically divided into early (moderate retinal edema and retinal pigment changes) and late (neovascularization and atrophy) stages [5]. The pathogenesis of AMD involves the interaction between genetic polymorphisms and environmental risk factors, many of which lead to an increased oxidative stress in the retina [6]. In recent years, although gene and stem cell therapies have brought hope to patients with such diseases, most patients, especially those in the early stage of AMD, cannot benefit from these novel therapies owing to ethical problems, treatment risks, timing, efficacy, and high cost. RPE cell apoptosis is involved in the coinitiation mechanism of AMD and occurs throughout disease progression [7]. Therefore, it is of great clinical value to investigate the mechanism of maintaining the function and homeostasis of RPE cells and inhibiting apoptosis in these cells, leading to new therapeutic avenues.

Increasing evidence suggests that regulating microRNA (miRNA) expression provides exciting new avenues for the research and treatment of AMD [8]. Dysregulation of miR-17, miR-125b, and miR-155 has been reported in various mouse models of AMD as well as in the plasma and retina of individuals with AMD [9]. SanGiovanni et al. reported that miR-155-5p expression was significantly upregulated in the advanced AMD retina [10]. In addition, dysregulation of miR-9, miR-34a, and miR-155 has been reported in the serum of patients with AMD [11]. Therefore, miRNAs are potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets for AMD. Hou et al. showed that miRNA-34a inhibited RPE cell proliferation and migration by downregulating its target cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2 and 6 and other cell cycle-related molecules [12]. Through bioinformatics analysis, we revealed that miR-155-5p potentially targets the cell cycle- and proliferation-related genes encoding CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin D2 (CCND2). This emphasizes the need to further explore the role of miR-155-5p and its downstream target genes in the development and progression of AMD.

α-Crystallins (αA and αB) and their derivatives have received increasing attention due to their great potential in preventing cell death [13]. Recent studies have reported that the expression of αA- and αB-crystallin is significantly upregulated in the cytosol and mitochondria of RPE cells in light-induced injury, retinal trauma, and other models of acute retinal degeneration. Moreover, the administration of human αA- or αB-crystallin protects RPE cells from oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis [14]. Several studies have confirmed that decreased α-crystallin expression can increase oxidative stress-induced cell death sensitivity, whereas increased α-crystallin expression exerts a protective effect [15–17]. A previous study revealed that the antiapoptotic effect exerted by αA-crystallin is associated with its molecular chaperone activity [14]. mini-αA is a functional fragment of αA-crystallin with molecular chaperone activity [18] and inhibits caspase-3 activation, thus protecting RPE cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis [19]. A previous study revealed that mini-αA can reduce apoptosis induced by NaIO₃ in RPE cells, thus exerting protective effects during retinal degeneration [20]. However, its specific mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, identifying novel regulators mediated by mini-αA may help understand the molecular mechanisms of the antiapoptotic effects of mini-αA in RPE cells.

This study used mini-αA to treat a NaIO₃-induced retinal degeneration model and evaluate its therapeutic effects. Through bioinformatics prediction and validation, we further revealed the antiapoptotic effects of mini-αA on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in RPE cells, ultimately providing a new therapeutic target for AMD.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Culture and Treatment

Human ARPE-19 cells were purchased from Cellcook (#CC4001; Guangzhou, China) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (C11765500BT; Gibco) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (C38010050; BI). ARPE-19 cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a concentration of 6 × 10⁵ cells/well and exposed to 3.5 mM NaIO₃ (S4007; Sigma) for 48 h to establish a retinal degeneration model [21]. mini-αA (RP21154; Genscript) was added to the cells at different concentrations (10, 15, and 20 μM) for 4 h [22, 23] to obtain the following control and experimental groups: control, NaIO₃, NaIO₃ + 10 μM mini-αA, NaIO₃ + 15 μM mini-αA, and NaIO₃ + 20 μM mini-αA. Following the experimental screening, 10 μM mini-αA was selected for subsequent experiments in the following subgroups: ARPE-19-negative control (NC), ARPE-19-NC + NaIO₃, and ARPE-19 + NaIO₃ + mini-αA.

2.2. Cell Transfection

To determine whether miR-155-5p is involved in the antioxidative damage effect of mini-αA, miR-155-5p inhibitors and mimics were used to interfere and overexpress miR-155-5p. miR-155-5p inhibitor and mimics were transfected in ARPE-19 cells at a final concentration of 100 nM for 48 h to obtain the following experimental groups: NaIO₃ + NC inhibitor, NaIO₃ + miR-155-5p inhibitor, NaIO₃ + NC mimics, NaIO₃ + mini-αA + NC mimics, and NaIO₃ + mini-αA + miR-155-5p mimics. miR-155-5p inhibitor, NC inhibitor, miR-155-5p mimics, and NC mimics were designed and synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China).

2.3. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) Assay

ARPE-19 cells were cultured in 96-well plates (10000 cells/well) and allowed to adhere overnight under 5% CO₂ at 37°C. Then, cells were divided into different groups and exposed to different treatments. Finally, 10 μL of CCK-8 reagent (C0040; Beyotime, China) was added to each well for 2 h. Absorbance (450 nm) was measured using a microplate reader (Infinite M200; Tecan, Austria) to determine cell viability at 24, 48, and 72 h.

2.4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Detection

The ROS level was measured using an ROS assay kit (S0033S; Beyotime). 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA; stock concentration, 10 mM) was diluted at 1 : 1000 in a serum-free medium to a final concentration of 10 μM. The treated cells (mentioned above) were removed from the cell culture medium, and DCFH-DA was added to cover the cells. Subsequently, the cells were again incubated at 37°C for 20 min. The samples were collected by trypsinization and flow cytometry (A00-1-1102; Beckman, USA) detection was performed.

2.5. Cell Apoptosis Assay

ARPE-19 cells were digested with trypsin (without EDTA). The trypsinized cells were then washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. Next, 500 μL of binding buffer was added to the cells in suspension, followed by the addition and thorough mixing of 5 μL of annexin V-allophycocyanin (KGA1022; KeyGen, China) and 5 μL of 7-AAD (00-6993-50; Invitrogen, USA). After incubation for 15 min at room temperature under dark conditions, the apoptosis rate was measured using flow cytometry within 1 h (A00-1-1102; Beckman).

2.6. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)

The expression of miR-9-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-184, miR-155-5p, miR-3131, miR-4497, miR-4491, CDK2, CDK4, CCND1, and CCND2 was measured using qRT-PCR. Briefly, total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent, followed by cDNA preparation using a reverse transcription kit (#CW2569; Beijing ComWin Biotech, China). UltraSYBR Mixture (#CW2601; Beijing ComWin Biotech) was added to determine the relative gene expression using ABI 7900 System. Using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or U6 as internal controls, the relative gene expression was calculated via the 2^−ΔΔCt method. Table 1 lists the primer sequences used in this study.

2.7. Western Blotting

RIPA lysis buffer (#P0013B; Beyotime) was used to extract total protein from cells according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Protein was quantified using a BCA protein determination kit (#23225, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Following the addition of loading buffer to the protein samples, the mixture was kept in water at 100°C for 5 min and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed. Protein samples were then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. This membrane was sealed with 5% skim milk and blocked for 2 h at room temperature. Subsequently, it was incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: Bcl-2 (3498; CST), Bax (50599-2-Ig; Proteintech), cleaved caspase-3 (9664; CST), CDK2 (2546; CST), and GAPDH (60004-1-Ig; Proteintech). Peroxidase-AffiniPure goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L; 111-035-003; Jackson) and peroxidase-AffiniPure goat anti-mouse IgG (H + L; 115-035-003; Jackson) were used as secondary antibodies. For enhanced chemiluminescence, Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA) was used to detect the proteins, with GAPDH as the internal reference.

2.8. Screening and Bioinformatics Prediction of miRNAs

Eight miRNAs (miR-9-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-184, miR-155-5p, miR-3131, miR-4497, and miR-4491) were screened for verification [9–11]. Analysis using multiple tools (miRPathDB, https://mpd.bioinf.uni-sb.de/mirna.html?mirna=hsa-miR-155-5p&organism=hsa, hg19_CLIP-seq_miRNA, and miRTarBase) revealed that miR-155-5p could target the following cell cycle-related and proliferation-related genes: CDK2, CDK4, CCND1, and CCND2.

2.9. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Enrichment Analysis

DAVID (version 6.8; https://david.ncifcrf.gov/) was used to conduct GO enrichment analysis of miR-155-5p target genes. The top 40 genes were selected for mapping. KOBAS version 2.0 (https://kobas.cbi.pku.edu.cn/) was used to analyze the KEGG enrichment pathway of the top 25 miR-155-5p target genes and associated signaling pathways.

2.10. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay

pmirGLO-CDK2 3′-untranslated region wild-type (WT) and mutant (mut) plasmids were synthesized by General Biology (Anhui) Co., Ltd. (Chuzhou, Anhui, China). 293T cells were seeded into 24-well plates (5 × 10⁵ cells/well). Cells were cotransfected with WT or mut reporter vector and hsa-miR-155-5p mimics or mimics NC duplexes using Lipo 2000 (Invitrogen, USA). At 48 h after transfection, cell lysates were prepared and a dual-luciferase reporter assay kit (FR201-01; TransGen Biotech, China) was used to measure luciferase activities, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The relative luciferase activities were calculated based on the firefly/renilla luciferase activity ratios.

2.11. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad version 8.0. Experimental data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation with at least three replicates. Differences between two or more groups were analyzed using student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance. A value of <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

3. Results

3.1. Mini-αA Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis of ARPE-19 Cells

To determine the role of mini-αA during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, ARPE-19 cells were treated with mini-αA. The CCK-8 assay revealed that compared with the control group, cell viability decreased in the NaIO₃ group and increased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA group (Figure 1(a)), suggesting that mini-αA has a protective effect on the NaIO₃-induced retinal degeneration model, with 10 μM mini-αA exhibiting the most protective effect. Therefore, 10 μM mini-αA was selected for subsequent experiments. Additionally, the ROS levels significantly increased in ARPE-19 cells treated with NaIO₃ for 48 h (Figure 1(b)), which got significantly reduced following the treatment with 10 μM mini-αA for 48 h, indicating that mini-αA protects ARPE-19 cells from NaIO₃-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed that compared with the control group, apoptosis increased in the NaIO₃ group and decreased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA group (Figure 1(c)). Western blotting further confirmed that compared with the control group, Bcl-2 expression decreased and Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression increased in the NaIO₃ group, whereas Bcl2 expression increased and Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression decreased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA group (Figure 1(d) and 1(e)). These results indicate that NaIO₃ induces oxidative damage and promotes apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells, which were reversed by mini-αA.

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Figure 1

Antiapoptotic effect of mini-αA on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells. ARPE-19 cells were treated with NaIO₃ to establish a retinal degeneration model, and mini-αA was used for treatment; (a) cell viability was examined using CKK-8. (b) ROS level was detected using reactive oxygen species assay kit. (c) Apoptosis was detected using annexin V/7-AAD double staining kit. (d) The expression of Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 was measured using western blotting. (e) Quantitative analysis of protein in (d); ns, not significant; .

3.2. Screening of miRNA and Bioinformatics Prediction and Analysis of miR-155-5p

Eight miRNAs (miR-9-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-184, miR-155-5p, miR-3131, miR-4497, and miR-4491) were screened for verification [9–11]. Among the eight candidate miRNAs, miR-155-5p was significantly upregulated upon NaIO₃ addition and downregulated after mini-αA treatment (Figure 2(a)), suggesting that miR-155-5p plays an inhibitory role in RPE cell apoptosis and can be used as a biomarker in subsequent experiments. Upregulation of miR-155-5p expression in AMD was confirmed by using qRT–PCR; therefore, it was selected for subsequent studies [10]. Figure 2(b) presents the network diagram of miR-155-5p target genes. Through GO analysis, differentially expressed genes were divided into three categories: cellular component (cell part, cell, and organelle), molecular function (binding, catalytic activity, and transcription regulator activity), and biological processes (cellular process, metabolic process, and biological regulation) (Figure 2(c)). KEGG analysis revealed the top 25 signaling pathways, including microRNAs in cancer and cell cycle and pathways in cancer (Figure 2(d)).

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3.3. Mini-αA Plays a Protective Role during Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis Induced by NAIO₃ by Downregulating miR-155-5p

To determine whether miR-155-5p was involved in the therapeutic effect of mini-αA on oxidative damage, miR-155-5p interference and overexpression were performed. Figure 3(a) shows the successful transfection of miR-155-5p constructs. Compared with the NaIO₃ + NC inhibitor group, cell viability increased and ROS levels and apoptosis rates decreased in the NaIO₃ + miR-155-5p inhibitor group. Compared with the NaIO₃ + NC mimics group, cell viability increased and ROS levels and apoptosis rates significantly decreased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + NC mimics group. Moreover, cell viability in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + miR-155-5p mimics group significantly decreased, with a significant increase in the ROS levels and apoptosis rates (Figures 3(b)–3(d)), suggesting that miR-155-5p is involved in the therapeutic effect of mini-αA on oxidative damage and apoptosis.

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3.4. Mini-αA Inhibits miR-155-5p Expression and Plays an Antiapoptotic Role by Upregulating Its Target Gene CDK2

Based on various bioinformatic tools (miRPathDB, https://mpd.bioinf.uni-sb.de/mirna.html?mirna=hsa-miR-155-5p&organism=hsa, hg19_CLIP-seq_miRNA, and miRTarBase), we determined that miR-155-5p can target the following cell cycle-related and proliferation-related genes: CDK2, CDK4, CCND1, and CCND2. Therefore, these genes were selected for further analysis. qRT-PCR revealed that compared with the NaIO₃ + NC inhibitor group, the expression of these four genes was significantly increased in the NaIO₃ + miR-155-5p inhibitor group (Figure 4(a)). Additionally, compared with the NaIO₃ + NC mimics group, the expression of CDK2, CDK4, and CCND2, but not CCND1, increased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + NC mimics group. Furthermore, compared with the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + NC mimics group, the expression of CDK2, CDK4, CCND1, and CCND2 decreased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + miR-155-5p mimics group. Among these genes, CDK2 conformed to the expected change. Subsequently, CDK2 and proteins involved in apoptosis were analyzed using western blotting. Compared with the NaIO₃ + NC inhibitor group, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression decreased and Bcl-2 and CDK2 expression increased in the NaIO₃ + miR-155-5p inhibitor group. Furthermore, compared with the NaIO₃ + NC mimics group, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression decreased and Bcl-2 and CDK2 expression increased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + NC mimics group. Additionally, compared with the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + NC mimics group, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression significantly increased and Bcl-2 and CDK2 expression significantly decreased in the NaIO₃ + mini-αA + miR-155-5p mimics group (Figure 4(b) and 4(c)). Figure 4(d) shows the binding sites of hsa-miR-155-5p and CDK2. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay also confirmed that CDK2 was the target gene of hsa-miR-155-5p, suggesting that mini-αA inhibits RPE cell apoptosis induced by NaIO₃ through the miR-155-5p/CDK2 axis.

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Figure 4

miR-155-5p participates in the therapeutic effects of mini-αA by regulating CDK2. ARPE-19 cells were treated with NaIO₃ following which interference and overexpression of miR-155-5p were performed. (a) Four target genes related to the cell cycle predicted by miRanda were detected by qRT-PCR. (b) The expression of Bcl2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and CDK2 was measured by western blotting. (c) Densitometric quantitation of proteins is probed in Figure 4(b). (d) The binding site between 3′UTR of CDK2 and miR-155-5p was predicted by miRanda, and dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect the luciferase activity in wild-type (WT) and mutant (mut) of 293T cells after transfection with NC mimics and miR-155-5p mimics. ns, not significant; and .

4. Discussion

AMD is a common irreversible eye disease characterized by visual impairment in the elderly [24]. RPE cell death caused by oxidative stress plays a vital role in retinal degeneration pathology and is associated with AMD [25]. Therefore, the protection of oxidative stress-induced RPE cells through antioxidative damage and antiapoptotic effects play a crucial role in treating AMD. In this study, we found that inhibiting the expression of miR-155-5p promoted the antiapoptotic effect of mini-αA on oxidative stress-induced RPE cell apoptosis via CDK2 regulation. For this purpose, an in vitro NaIO₃-induced retinal degeneration model was established and treated with mini-αA, followed by bioinformatics prediction and functional verification.

NaIO₃ is an oxidative toxic agent and its selective RPE cell damage makes it reproducible in in vitro and in vivo models of AMD [26]. Although NaIO₃ is not involved in AMD pathology, it can be utilized to understand the mechanism of RPE cell degeneration [27]. Oxidative stress-induced RPE cell apoptosis is an important pathogenic marker of AMD [28]. Oxidative stress affects the lipid-rich retinal outer segment structure and light processing in the macula [29]. In RPE cells, NaIO₃-induced oxidative stress coordinates with multiple pathways to induce cell death. For example, kaempferol protects ARPE-19 cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis through Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 signaling pathways [30]. α-crystallin protects cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis [31]. mini-αA is derived from a highly conserved region of the human lens protein αA-crystallin and exerts anti-inflammatory effects [32]. A previous study reported that mini-αA can protect RPE cells from apoptosis induced by NaIO₃ [20]. Consistently, this study revealed that mini-αA can reverse the oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by NaIO₃ in the retinal degeneration model.

Many regulatory miRNAs have been implicated in AMD pathology and function [33, 34]. Various miRNAs have been proven to be associated with AMD caused by oxidative stress [35, 36]. In this study, eight miRNAs were selected for verification based on the literature to determine their role in AMD [9–11]. Among them, the expression of miR-155-5p was upregulated in cells treated with NaIO₃ and downregulated in those treated with mini-αA. This suggested that miR-155-5p played a significant role in the NaIO₃-induced RPE cell retinal degeneration model. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-155-5p can target the following cell cycle-related and proliferation-related genes: CDK2, CDK4, CCND1, and CCND2. Therefore, genes involved in the miR-155-5p-mRNA network can help understand the onset and development of AMD, which warrants further exploration in future studies.

Several studies have reported the role of miR-155-5p in eye-related diseases. For example, toxoplasmosis is associated with miR-155-5p upregulation [37]. During corneal wound healing, miR-155-5p reduces corneal epithelial permeability by reshaping tight epithelial junctions [38]. In diabetic macular edema, the inhibition of miR-155-5p expression downregulates cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels [39]. These studies demonstrate that miR-155-5p can potentially be used as a biomarker for eye-related diseases. A previous study revealed that decreased miR-1246 expression enhanced the antiapoptotic effect of mini-αA on RPE cells during oxidative stress [40]. Moreover, the expression of miR-155-5p was upregulated in the retina of individuals with advanced AMD [10]. Therefore, we interfered and overexpressed miR-155-5p to determine the mechanism of miR-155-5p in the therapeutic effect of mini-αA during oxidative damage.

CDK2 belongs to the CDK serine/threonine kinase family and is an important regulator of G₁/S-phase conversion. Bevacizumab significantly reduces CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 as well as cyclin D and E expression and has a preventive effect on AMD by blocking G₁/S progression in ARPE-19 cells [41]. In addition, miR-34a inhibits RPE cell proliferation and migration by downregulating its target CDK2 and other cell cycle-related molecules [12]. This suggests that CDK2 plays a significant role in AMD. Based on bioinformatics prediction and functional validation, we revealed that miR-155-5p may be associated with the antioxidative and apoptotic effect of mini-αA via CDK2 regulation. Therefore, miR-155-5p-mediated CDK2 regulation might play a vital role in AMD and could be utilized as a novel molecular biomarker for AMD. However, this study has some limitations, and further studies are warranted to verify the identified miRNA/mRNA role in AMD pathogenesis.

5. Conclusion

AMD is a degenerative disease of RPE cells; therefore, determining the role of RPE cells in the disease progression has great clinical significance. NAIO₃ can induce the degeneration of RPE cells. Our study revealed that mini-αA can attenuate the NaIO₃-induced apoptosis and ROS level elevation in RPE cells and can inhibit NaIO₃-induced upregulation of miR-155-5p. Interference of miR-155-5p expression in NaIO₃-induced retinal degeneration cell model reduced cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels; moreover, miR-155-5p could target CDK2. In conclusion, miR-155-5p promotes the antiapoptotic role of mini-αA in oxidative stress-induced RPE cell apoptosis via CDK2 regulation. This study provides a basis for AMD clinical treatment and prognosis and a novel target for treating AMD.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, Grant no. 202201020075, and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant No. 2019JJ50001).

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Copyright © 2023 Qianyin Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Journal of Ophthalmology

Mini-αA Upregulates the miR-155-5p Target Gene CDK2 and Plays an Antiapoptotic Role in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells during Oxidative Stress

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Culture and Treatment

2.2. Cell Transfection

2.3. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) Assay

2.4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Detection

2.5. Cell Apoptosis Assay

2.6. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)

2.7. Western Blotting

2.8. Screening and Bioinformatics Prediction of miRNAs

2.9. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Enrichment Analysis

2.10. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay

2.11. Statistical Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Mini-αA Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis of ARPE-19 Cells

3.2. Screening of miRNA and Bioinformatics Prediction and Analysis of miR-155-5p

3.3. Mini-αA Plays a Protective Role during Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis Induced by NAIO3 by Downregulating miR-155-5p

3.4. Mini-αA Inhibits miR-155-5p Expression and Plays an Antiapoptotic Role by Upregulating Its Target Gene CDK2

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

3.3. Mini-αA Plays a Protective Role during Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis Induced by NAIO₃ by Downregulating miR-155-5p