Chemokine Receptor 2 (<i>CXCR2</i>) Gene Variants and Their Association with Periodontal Bacteria in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

Kavrikova, Denisa; Borilova Linhartova, Petra; Lucanova, Svetlana; Poskerova, Hana; Fassmann, Antonin; Izakovicova Holla, Lydie

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2061868

Mediators of Inflammation

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Inflammatory Mediators in Periodontal Pathogenesis

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 2061868 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2061868

Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) Gene Variants and Their Association with Periodontal Bacteria in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

Denisa Kavrikova,¹Petra Borilova Linhartova,^1,2Svetlana Lucanova,¹Hana Poskerova,¹Antonin Fassmann,¹and Lydie Izakovicova Holla^1,2

Guest Editor: Nurcan Buduneli

Received06 Dec 2018

Accepted22 Jan 2019

Published04 Feb 2019

Abstract

Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease caused by subgingival Gram-negative (G-) bacteria, is linked with loss of the connective tissue and destruction of the alveolar bone. In the regulation of inflammatory response, chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), a specific receptor for interleukin-8 and neutrophil chemoattractant, plays an important role. The first aim of this study was to investigate the CXCR2 gene variability in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and healthy nonperiodontitis controls in the Czech population. The second aim was to find a relation between CXCR2 gene variants and the presence of periodontal bacteria. A total of 500 unrelated subjects participated in this case-control study. 329 CP patients and 171 healthy nonperiodontitis controls were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction techniques for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): +785C/T (rs2230054), +1208T/C (rs1126579), and +1440A/G (rs1126580). A DNA microarray detection kit was used for the investigation of the subgingival bacterial colonization, in a subgroup of CP subjects (). No significant differences in allele, genotype, haplotype, or haplogenotype frequencies of CXCR2 gene variants between patients with CP and healthy controls () were determined. Nevertheless, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was detected more frequently in men positive for the C allele of the CXCR2 +785C/T polymorphism (61.8% vs. 41.1%, ; , 95% -5.20) and for the T allele of the CXCR2 +1208C/T variant (61.8% vs. 38.9%, ; , 95% -5.71). In contrast, no statistically significant associations of CXCR2 variants with seven selected periodontal bacteria were found in women. Although none of the investigated SNPs in the CXCR2 gene was associated with CP, the CXCR2 gene variants can be associated with subgingival colonization of G- bacteria in men with CP in the Czech population.

1. Introduction

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that is primarily caused by specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bacterial virulence factors; they trigger an inflammatory host response which results in periodontal tissue destruction and loss of teeth [1, 2]. Chronic periodontitis (CP), the most common form of periodontitis in adults, is either localized or generalized, based on the number of affected sites. The destruction corresponds to the presence of local factors, with a slow-to-moderate rate of progression, but may have periods of rapid progression [3]. CP is strongly associated with “red complex” Gram-negative (G-) bacteria, including Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola [1, 4]. Although Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is supposed to be the main etiological agent of the aggressive form of periodontitis [5], this bacterium is also connected with CP and some nonoral infections [6].

The host response to anaerobic G- bacteria and their products is an important determinant for progression of periodontal disease. There are a few major risk factors, such as genetic predispositions, systemic diseases, or smoking, which affect the microbial composition in the oral cavity [7, 8]. Cytokines, mediators of host defense and also of periodontal tissue destruction, are considered to be important molecules in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases [9].

Interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) is known as neutrophil-activating protein-1 (NAP-1) [10, 11]. The effect of IL-8 is mediated by its two receptors—7 transmembrane class A (rhodopsin-like) G protein-coupled receptors (7-TM-GPCRs), so called CXCR1 and CXCR2 [12, 13]. CXCR1 and CXCR2 are expressed on a wide range of leukocytes, including neutrophils, mast cells, and also oral epithelial cells [14, 15]. They are involved in the multiple biological activities, such as initiation and amplification of acute inflammatory reaction, as well as tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis [16–18]. Experimental data suggest that IL-8 and its receptors participate in the elimination of pathogens [19]. A study by Zenobia et al. shows that the recruitment of neutrophils to gingival tissue does not require commensal bacterial colonization but is entirely dependent on CXCR2 expression [20].

Only a few studies have investigated the variability in CXCR1 or CXCR2 genes in relation to CP [21–23], especially in the Brazilian population; however, only the CXCR2 genotypes and haplotypes have been associated with CP [21]. Based on our previous investigation of IL-8 gene variability and its association with periodontal bacteria in patients with CP [24], we assumed the role of IL-8 receptor in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease.

The first aim of our study was to analyze three SNPs in the CXCR2 gene +785C/T (rs2230054), +1208T/C (rs1126579), and +1440G/A (rs1126580) in CP patients and healthy nonperiodontitis controls in the Czech population; the second aim was to associate these SNPs with the presence of seven periodontal bacteria in subjects with CP.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Subjects

This case-control association study comprised 500 unrelated Caucasian subjects of exclusively Czech ethnicity from the South Moravian Region. Subjects with CP (number of subjects, ) were recruited from the Periodontology Department, Clinic of Stomatology, St. Anne’s Faculty Hospital, Brno, over the period of 2013–2018. Healthy nonperiodontitis controls () were selected from patients who had been referred to the Clinic of Stomatology for reasons other than periodontal disease (such as preventive dental check-ups, dental decay, and orthodontic consultations) during the same period as CP patients, and they were of similar age, gender, and smoking status. Similarly, like the patients, all controls were in good systemic health and had minimally 20 remaining teeth. The exclusion criteria included the presence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders (such as hypertension or coronary artery diseases), immunodeficiency, current pregnancy or lactation, malignant diseases, immunosuppression due to medication or concurrent illness, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics during a six-week recruitment period, and the inability to consent [25].

Clinical diagnosis of nonperiodontitis/periodontitis was based on a thorough examination (PI = plaque index, GI = gingival index, etc.), medical/dental history, tooth mobility, and radiographic evaluation. Probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) were collected with a UNC-15 periodontal probe from six sites on every tooth present. The loss of the alveolar bone was determined radiographically, and the decrease in alveolar bone levels was assessed with the Mühlemann index [24]. All participants, no matter whether they agreed or declined to participate or were excluded from the study, were offered periodontitis treatment. The patients were firstly examined by a periodontist, and they had not received scaling and/or root planing minimally six months before measuring periodontal indices [25].

According to their smoking history, the subjects were split into the following groups: nonsmokers (subjects who never smoked) and smokers (former smokers for ≥5 pack-years or current smokers). The pack-years were calculated by multiplying the number of years of smoking by the average number of cigarette packs smoked per day [23]. The demographic data of the studied subjects are shown in Table 1.

2.2. Genetic Analysis

Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood by a standard protocol. It was archived in the DNA bank at the Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Three SNPs in the CXCR2 gene (+785C/T (rs2230054), +1208C/T (rs1126579), and +1440A/G (rs1126580)) were analyzed.

For detection of SNP in the CXCR2 gene at position +785C/T (rs2230054), the original restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) method with mismatch primers was introduced. Primers were designed by the Primer3Output program. PCR was carried out in a volume of 25 μL containing 100 ng of genomic DNA, 0.5 μM of each primer (Fwd: 5-TCGTCCTCATCTTCCCGCT and Rev: 5-GGAGTCCATGGCGAAACTTC), 4 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA), 2 mM of MgCl₂, MgCl₂-free reaction buffer with NH₄SO₃ (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA), and 0.5 mM deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate mix (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). Denaturation for 5 min at 95°C was followed by 35 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, 58°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min. The last synthesis step was extended to 7 min at 72°C. The restriction of the PCR product (210 bp) was performed in a volume of 25 μL consisting of 15 μL of the PCR product, 10x CutSmart Buffer, and 4 U of BsrBI enzyme (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, United Kingdom), and incubation was done overnight at 37°C. The length of products after restriction digestion was 210 bp for the TT genotype, for CT, and for CC. The fragments were visualized by 3.0% agarose gel electrophoresis by ethidium bromide. Sizing of the product was performed using a GeneRuler™ 50 bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA).

SNP +1208C/T (rs1126579) in the CXCR2 gene was genotyped using the 5 nuclease TaqMan® assay C_8841198_10 for allelic discrimination according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Allele genotyping from fluorescence measurements was then obtained using the ABI PRISM 7000 Sequence Detection System. SDS version 1.2.3 software was used to analyze real-time and endpoint fluorescence data.

The +1440A/G (rs1126580) SNP was genotyped by allele-specific PCR analysis according to the previously published method [26], with a slight modification. A set of appropriate sequences of allele-specific primers and control primers was used: for the allele-specific DNA fragment (Fwd: 5-AGGCTGGCCAACGGGG/A and Rev: 5-TCATAGCAGCTTATTCACAAGAC) and for the control DNA fragment (Fwd: 5-TGCCAAGTGGAGCACCCAA and Rev: 5-GCATCTTGCTCTGTGCAGAT). There is a difference between the sequences of the allele-specific primers used in our study and those in the work of Renzoni et al. [26]. The length of amplified DNA fragments was also different. The presence of an allele-specific band (435 bp) of the expected size in conjunction with a control band (796 bp) was considered to be positive evidence for each particular allele. The absence of an allele-specific band and the presence of a control band were considered to be a negative indication for a particular allele. Briefly, PCR was carried out in a volume of 25 μL containing 100 ng of genomic DNA, 0.5 μM of each allele-specific primer, 0.4 μM of each control primer, 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA), 2 mM of MgCl₂, MgCl₂-free reaction buffer with NH₄SO₃ (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA), and 0.5 mM deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate mix (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). Denaturation for 5 min at 95°C was followed by 35 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, 62°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min. The last synthesis step was extended to 7 min at 72°C. The fragments were visualized by 2.0% agarose gel electrophoresis by ethidium bromide. Sizing of the product was performed using a GeneRuler™ 50 bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA).

2.3. Microbial Analysis

The analyses of seven selected periodontal bacteria based on a DNA microarray detection kit (Protean Ltd., Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic) have been described previously [24, 27]. The presence of bacterial colonization (A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum) in subgingival pockets was examined in a subgroup of 162 CP patients before subgingival scaling. Bacterial load was assessed semiquantitatively: (-) undetected, corresponding to a number of bacteria less than 10³; (+) slightly positive, which corresponds to a number of bacteria from 10³ to 10⁴; (++) positive, corresponding to a number of bacteria from 10⁴ to 10⁵; and (+++) strongly positive, corresponding to a number of bacteria exceeding 10⁵ [28]. The diagnosis of the specific bacterial infection was considered positive when the number of bacterial cells surpassed 10³ [23].

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Standard descriptive statistics were applied: mean with standard deviations (SD) or median with quartiles for quantitative variables and absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was performed to compare continuous variables among the groups. The allele frequencies were calculated from the observed numbers of genotypes. The differences in the allele frequencies were compared by the Fisher exact test, and genotype/haplogenotype frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were tested by the test. To examine the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between polymorphisms, pairwise LD coefficients () and haplotype frequencies were calculated using the SNP Analyzer 2 program (http://snp.istech.info/istech/board/login_form.jsp). Odds ratio (OR), confidence intervals (CI), and values were calculated. values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Where appropriate, the Bonferroni correction was used to adjust the level according to the number of independent comparisons to the overall value of 0.05. The adjusted values are denoted as . Power analysis was performed with respect to the case-control design of the study, taking the incidence rate of markers. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package Statistica v. 13 (StatSoft Inc., USA).

3. Results

3.1. Case-Control Study

Our population sample consisted of 232 males and 268 females (CP patients 45.6%/54.4%, controls 48.0%/52.0%). 26.3% of CP patients and similarly 27.2% of healthy nonperiodontitis controls were smokers (). No significant differences in means of the body mass index (BMI) between CP patients and controls (, : vs. , respectively) were detected. Groups of cases and controls were different according to PD, AL, PI, and GI (); in CP patients, all mean values were higher than those in controls. The demographic data of the studied subjects are given in Table 1.

The sample size of the study was optimized to reach relevant detectable effect size keeping the standard level of statistical errors, i.e., type I error 0.05 and type II error 0.20 or power of the test 0.80, respectively. The power calculation was optimized on the basis of the Fisher exact and goodness-of-fit tests as statistical tools used in comparing the principal endpoints in the study. Regarding the background relative frequency of the examined phenomenon as 50%, the reached sample size (171 controls, 329 cases, control : case ratio approx. 0.5) enabled to distinguish the difference in relative distribution of any entity (±13%) as statistically significant. Similarly, regarding the mean relative frequency as 50%, the study is able to detect difference (±13%) with 95% confidence.

3.2. SNPs and Haplotype Analysis

The studied polymorphisms +785C/T (rs2230054), +1208C/T (rs1126579), and +1440A/G (rs1126580) were in HWE in the control group (). No significant differences of all allele and genotype frequencies between the CP and control groups were found (see Table 2).

The distribution of genotype frequencies of all studied CXCR2 gene variants was similar between men and women (data not shown). The SNPs in the CXCR2 gene (+785C/T (rs2230054), +1208C/T (rs1126579), and +1440A/G (rs1126580)) were in very tight LD with each other to various degrees (). Only the haplogenotype TCA/TTG was found more frequently in CP patients than in controls (0.0% vs. 2.4%, , ), but the number of subjects in both groups was very low. In our population, no other association between CXCR2 haplotypes or haplogenotypes and CP was found ( for both, see Tables 3 and 4, respectively).

3.3. Microbial Analysis

There were no relationships between variability in the three studied CXCR2 SNPs and the presence of seven periodontal bacteria in 162 CP patients, and only A. actinomycetemcomitans was marginally associated with CXCR2 +785C/T SNP (). A. actinomycetemcomitans occurred more frequently in men positive for the C allele of the CXCR2 +785C/T polymorphism (61.8% vs. 41.1%, ; , 95% -5.20) and for the T allele of the CXCR2 +1208C/T variant (61.8% vs. 38.9%, ; , 95% -5.71). The presence of P. micra was marginally associated with the T allele of +1208 SNP for the group of male CP patients (49.0% vs. 27.3%, ; , 95% -7.08; see Table 5). In contrast, there were no differences between the frequencies of CXCR2 gene variants and the presence of periodontal bacteria in the group of CP women (, data not shown).

4. Discussion

Periodontal disease is characterized by inflammatory processes of tissues surrounding the teeth in response to bacterial stimulation. This inflammatory process is responsible for the progressive loss of the collagen attachment of the tooth to the alveolar bone, leading to bone loss [29]. According to the statistical report by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, 15-20% of the Czech population aged 35-44 years suffered from periodontal disease in 2014 [30].

Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in immunological responses, and thus their genetic contribution to various human inflammatory disorders needs investigation [31]. Several reports have suggested that the CXCR2 variants might influence the susceptibility to chronic inflammatory conditions, especially rheumatoid and respiratory diseases [32–35]. The CXCR2 gene variability has been associated with several disorders like systemic sclerosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, with a strong linkage between the +785C, +1208T, and +1440G alleles [26]. The +785T allele has been found to be protective against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [32]. In Slovakia, children with the SNP +1208T allele were significantly unrepresented in the recurrent acute pyelonephritis subgroup, and the carriage of the T allele (TT+CT genotypes vs. CC genotype) was linked with a reduced risk of developing this disease [36]. Moreover, analysis of SNP +1208 with serum levels of IL-8, its endogenous ligand, supports an interaction whereby the variant +1208T allele and high serum IL-8 confer synergistic protection against lung cancer [33].

In our research, we focused on 3 polymorphisms in the CXCR2 receptor +785C/T, +1208T/C, and +1440G/A, which were previously investigated in Brazilian patients with CP [21]. We detected similar allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies of the all studied CXCR2 gene polymorphisms between CP patients and controls (). In contrast, the +1440GG genotype, originally described by Viana et al. [37], was suggested as a protective factor against CP in Brazilians [21]. The differences between the results in the Czech and Brazilian study [21] could be caused by the interpopulation variability. The CXCR2 +1440 minor allele frequencies were found to be 46.5% in Czech healthy nonperiodontitis controls vs. 57.4% in Brazilian controls [21]. However, our result is in line with the minor allele frequency (43.3%) in the European population [38].

If we arranged haplotypes as genotypes, the carriers of the TCA/TTG (or TTG/TCA) variant seemed to be more susceptible to CP development (). On the other hand, the number of carriers of this haplogenotype is too small to demonstrate any significant association with CP after correction for multiple comparisons. Viana et al. found that patients carrying the haplotypes TCA and CCG were more predetermined to CP development, whereas CCA and TCG haplotypes seemed to be protective against CP. In addition, white nonsmoking patients carrying the CTG/TCA variant were more likely to develop periodontal disease, whereas CTG/TCG patients seemed to be protected [21]. Our result matches with a comparable finding elsewhere: TTG/TCA and CTG/TCA haplotypes were associated with CP risk in two different populations, i.e., the Czech and Brazilian [21]. In addition, no CTG/TCG haplotype carrier was present in our population.

A lot of studies have focused on the relationship between the selected gene variants and the presence of periodontal bacteria studied in the recent review and meta-analysis by Nibali et al. [39]. Evidence suggests that genetic factors can influence periodontitis risk, modulating disease elements such as the susceptibility to microbial colonization and the nature of subsequent host-microbe interaction [40, 41]. Our previous research into IL-8 gene polymorphisms in CP and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients shows the association between IL-8 genotypes and the occurrence of specific periodontal bacteria [24]. In our earlier study, we reported significant differences in the colonization of the oral cavity with P. gingivalis (70.5% in CP patients vs. 28% in controls), T. forsythia (92.3% in CP patients vs. 56.3% in controls), and P. micra (87.2% in CP patients vs. 56.3% in controls) between CP patients and healthy controls [28]. We also determined that IL-17A -197A/G (rs2275913) polymorphism was associated with the presence of T. forsythia and T. denticola in CP patients [27] and that IL-4 gene polymorphisms in CP patients could predispose to altered cytokine production after bacterial stimulation [42].

Although A. actinomycetemcomitans is more often associated with AgP than with CP, Gaetti-Jardim et al. [43] detected the bacteria by the PCR method in 44% of CP patients. In the Brazilian study, the IL-4 haplotypes, but not the IL-8 haplotypes, were associated with the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in CP patients [41]. Nibali et al. reported an association between the variability in the IL-6 gene and A. actinomycetemcomitans in CP patients. The strong association of IL-6 -174 GG homozygotes with the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in all subjects and in the subgroup of only white subjects was observed [42]. In our preliminary study, no significant association between the CXCR2 +1208C/T (rs1126579) SNP and IL-8 plasma levels and the occurrence of the selected periodontal bacteria in 41 CP patients was found [24]. This result was confirmed in the present study on a larger sample size (). After the gender stratification, the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly associated with CXCR2 +785C/T and CXCR2 +1208C/T SNPs, but only in Czech men.

5. Conclusions

This study did not confirm any significant association between the investigated SNPs in the CXCR2 gene and chronic periodontitis. However, the CXCR2 gene variants can be associated with subgingival colonization of the selected G- bacteria in men with CP in the Czech population.

Data Availability

The clinical and genetic data used to support the findings of this study are restricted by the Committees for Ethics of the Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno (no. 13/2013), in order to protect patient privacy. Data are available from Lydie Izakovicova Holla ([email protected]) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors’ Contributions

D.K. and P.B.L. are responsible for the conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, visualization, and writing of the manuscript (original draft preparation), S.L., H.P., and A.F. are responsible for the methodology and writing of the manuscript (review and editing), and L.I.H is responsible for the conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing of the manuscript (review and editing), and supervision. D.K. and P.B.L. contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from the Czech Science Foundation (GB14-37368G), the project of Grant Agency of Masaryk University (MUNI/A/1008/2017), and funds granted by the Faculty of Medicine, MU, to junior researcher Petra Borilova Linhartova.

References

S. S. Socransky, A. D. Haffajee, M. A. Cugini, C. Smith, and R. L. J. Kent, “Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque,” Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 134–144, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. C. Armitage, “Comparison of the microbiological features of chronic and aggressive periodontitis,” Periodontology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 70–88, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Highfield, “Diagnosis and classification of periodontal disease,” Australian Dental Journal, vol. 54, Suppl 1, pp. S11–S26, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Tomita, S. Kasai, Y. Ihara et al., “Effects of systemic administration of sitafloxacin on subgingival microflora and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in acute periodontal lesions,” Microbial Pathogenesis, vol. 71-72, pp. 1–7, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. H. Åberg, P. Kelk, and A. Johansson, “Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis,” Virulence, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 188–195, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Henderson, J. M. Ward, and D. Ready, “Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans: a triple A* periodontopathogen?” Periodontology 2000, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 78–105, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Sudhakara, A. Gupta, A. Bhardwaj, and A. Wilson, “Oral dysbiotic communities and their implications in systemic diseases,” Dentistry Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 10, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Ebersole, M. J. Steffen, M. V. Thomas, and M. Al-Sabbagh, “Smoking-related cotinine levels and host responses in chronic periodontitis,” Journal of Periodontal Research, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 642–651, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Yoshimura, Y. Hara, T. Kaneko, and T. Kato, “Secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-1ra by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides from periodontopathic bacteria,” Journal of Periodontal Research, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 279–286, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. M. Murphy and H. L. Tiffany, “Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor,” Science, vol. 253, no. 5025, pp. 1280–1283, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Sprenger, A. R. Lloyd, L. L. Lautens, T. I. Bonner, and D. J. Kelvin, “Structure, genomic organization, and expression of the human interleukin-8 receptor B gene,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 269, no. 15, pp. 11065–11072, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. D. Kormann, A. Hector, V. Marcos et al., “CXCR1 and CXCR2 haplotypes synergistically modulate cystic fibrosis lung disease,” The European Respiratory Journal, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1385–1390, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kaur and D. Singh, “Neutrophil chemotaxis caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease alveolar macrophages: the role of CXCL8 and the receptors CXCR1/CXCR2,” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 347, no. 1, pp. 173–180, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Juremalm and G. Nilsson, “Chemokine receptor expression by mast cells,” Chemical Immunology and Allergy, vol. 87, pp. 130–144, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Khurram, L. Bingle, B. M. McCabe, P. M. Farthing, and S. A. Whawell, “The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 regulate oral cancer cell behaviour,” Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 667–674, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Raghuwanshi, Y. Su, V. Singh, K. Haynes, A. Richmond, and R. M. Richardson, “The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 couple to distinct G protein-coupled receptor kinases to mediate and regulate leukocyte functions,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 189, no. 6, pp. 2824–2832, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. L. Varney, S. Singh, A. Li, R. Mayer-Ezell, R. Bond, and R. K. Singh, “Small molecule antagonists for CXCR2 and CXCR1 inhibit human colon cancer liver metastases,” Cancer Letters, vol. 300, no. 2, pp. 180–188, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Singh, S. Wu, M. Varney, A. P. Singh, and R. K. Singh, “CXCR1 and CXCR2 silencing modulates CXCL8-dependent endothelial cell proliferation, migration and capillary-like structure formation,” Microvascular Research, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 318–325, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. C. Russo, C. C. Garcia, M. M. Teixeira, and F. A. Amaral, “The CXCL8/IL-8 chemokine family and its receptors in inflammatory diseases,” Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 593–619, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Zenobia, X. L. Luo, A. Hashim et al., “Commensal bacteria-dependent select expression of CXCL2 contributes to periodontal tissue homeostasis,” Cellular Microbiology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1419–1426, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. C. Viana, Y. J. Kim, K. M. C. Curtis et al., “Association of haplotypes in the CXCR2 gene with periodontitis in a Brazilian population,” DNA and Cell Biology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 191–200, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. Scarel-Caminaga, K. M. C. Curtis, R. Renzi et al., “Variation in the CXCR1 gene (IL8RA) is not associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis,” Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 14, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Borilova Linhartova, D. Kavrikova, M. Tomandlova et al., “Differences in interleukin-8 plasma levels between diabetic patients and healthy individuals independently on their periodontal status,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 10, article 3214, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Borilova Linhartova, J. Vokurka, H. Poskerova, A. Fassmann, and L. Izakovicova Holla, “Haplotype analysis of interleukin-8 gene polymorphisms in chronic and aggressive periodontitis,” Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2013, Article ID 342351, 8 pages, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Borilova Linhartova, J. Bartova, H. Poskerova et al., “Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in relation to chronic periodontitis, periodontopathic bacteria, and lipid levels,” Archives of Oral Biology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 456–462, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Renzoni, P. Lympany, P. Sestini et al., “Distribution of novel polymorphisms of the interleukin-8 and CXC receptor 1 and 2 genes in systemic sclerosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1633–1640, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Borilova Linhartova, J. Kastovsky, S. Lucanova et al., “Interleukin-17A gene variability in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: its correlation with IL-17 levels and the occurrence of periodontopathic bacteria,” Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2016, Article ID 2979846, 9 pages, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. I. Holla, B. Hrdlickova, P. Linhartova, and A. Fassmann, “Interferon-γ +874A/T polymorphism in relation to generalized chronic periodontitis and the presence of periodontopathic bacteria,” Archives of Oral Biology, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 153–158, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. J. Loesche and N. S. Grossman, “Periodontal disease as a specific, albeit chronic, infection: diagnosis and treatment,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 727–752, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Ministry of Health CZ, “Public health report for CZ 2014,” 2018, November 2018, http://www.mzcr.cz/verejne/dokumenty/zprava-o-zdravi-obyvatel-ceske-republiky2014-_9420_3016_5.html.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Kato, N. Tsuchiya, and K. Tokunaga, “Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding regions of human CXC-chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2 and CXCR3,” Genes and Immunity, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 330–337, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. C. Matheson, J. A. Ellis, J. Raven, E. H. Walters, and M. J. Abramson, “Association of IL8, CXCR2 and TNF-α polymorphisms and airway disease,” Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 196–203, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. M. Ryan, A. I. Robles, A. C. McClary et al., “Identification of a functional SNP in the 3UTR of CXCR2 that is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer,” Cancer Research, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 566–575, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Barsante, T. M. Cunha, M. Allegretti et al., “Blockade of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 992–1002, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Almasi, M. R. Aliparasti, M. Farhoudi et al., “Quantitative evaluation of CXCL8 and its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) gene expression in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis,” Immunological Investigations, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 737–748, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Javor, M. Bucova, O. Cervenova et al., “Genetic variations of interleukin-8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 genes and risk of acute pyelonephritis in children,” International Journal of Immunogenetics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 338–345, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. C. Viana, Y. J. Kim, J. A. Cirelli et al., “A novel PCR-RFLP assay for the detection of the single nucleotide polymorphism at position +1440 in the human CXCR2 gene,” Biochemical Genetics, vol. 45, no. 9-10, pp. 737–741, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
“NCBI, dbSNP short genetic variations,” 2018, November 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1126580#frequency_tab.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Nibali, A. Di Iorio, O. Onabolu, and G.-H. Lin, “Periodontal infectogenomics: systematic review of associations between host genetic variants and subgingival microbial detection,” Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 889–900, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Cavalla, C. Biguetti, J. Lima Melchiades et al., “Genetic association with subgingival bacterial colonization in chronic periodontitis,” Genes, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 271, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Cirelli, L. S. Finoti, S. C. T. Corbi et al., “Absolute quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients carrying haplotypes associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis: multifaceted evaluation with periodontitis covariants,” Pathogens and Disease, vol. 75, no. 7, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Bartova, P. Borilova Linhartova, S. Podzimek et al., “The effect of IL-4 gene polymorphisms on cytokine production in patients with chronic periodontitis and in healthy controls,” Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2014, Article ID 185757, 11 pages, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. J. Gaetti-Jardim Jr, T. C. Wahasugui, P. H. Tomazinho, M. M. Marques, V. Nakano, and M. J. Avila-Campos, “Distribution of biotypes and leukotoxic activity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans isolated from Brazilian patients with chronic periodontitis,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 658–663, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Denisa Kavrikova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1251

Downloads

812

Citations