Review Article | Open Access
Liang Chen, Meng Shi, Chenghao Lv, Ying Song, Yuanjie Wu, Suifei Liu, Zhibing Zheng, Xiangyang Lu, Si Qin, "Dihydromyricetin Acts as a Potential Redox Balance Mediator in Cancer Chemoprevention", Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2021, Article ID 6692579, 18 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6692579
Dihydromyricetin Acts as a Potential Redox Balance Mediator in Cancer Chemoprevention
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a flavonoid extracted from the leaves and stems of the edible plant Ampelopsis grossedentata that has been used for Chinese Traditional Medicine. It has attracted considerable attention from consumers due to its beneficial properties including anticancer, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Continuous oxidative stress caused by intracellular redox imbalance can lead to chronic inflammation, which is intimately associated with the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. DHM is considered a potential redox regulator for chronic disease prevention, and its biological activities are abundantly evaluated by using diverse cell and animal models. However, clinical investigations are still scanty. This review summarizes the current potential chemopreventive effects of DHM, including its properties such as anticancer, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities, and further discusses the underlying molecular mechanisms of DHM in cancer chemoprevention by targeting redox balance and influencing the gut microbiota.
1. Introduction
Ampelopsis grossedentata (A. grossedentata) is a medicinal and edible plant widely used in China as a Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of cough, fever, vomiting, hepatitis, colds, chronic nephritis, polyorexia, and sore throat. Tender stems and leaves of A. grossedentata are commonly consumed as vine tea in China for centuries due to its health benefiting effects. Dihydromyricetin (3,5,7,3,4,5-hexahydroxy-2,3-dihydroflavonol (DHM)) (Figure 1), also known as ampelopsin, is a major flavonoid extracted from the leaves and stems of A. grossedentata. The content of DHM in A. grossedentata ranges from 30% to 40% (dry weight), which is considered to have the highest flavonoid content in natural plants [1]. Several scientific investigations reported that DHM possesses various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory [2, 3], antioxidative [4, 5], anticancer [6, 7], antidiabetic [8–10], antiatherosclerosis [11, 12], and cardioprotective effects [13, 14]. The biological properties and the underlying mechanisms of DHM were investigated mostly by in vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal models. In addition, DHM was reported as toxicologically safe and could effectively reverse multidrug resistance [15–19]. Hence, DHM is a promising bioactive compound for developing healthy/functional foods.
Despite these health-promoting effects, DHM has very poor water-solubility and aqueous stability. The solubility characteristics of DHM in cold water, hot water, and ethanol were 0.2-0.32 mg/mL at 25°C, 20 mg/mL at 80°C, and 170 mg/mL at 25°C, respectively [20]. DHM is more stable in acidic conditions (pH range of 1.0-5.0) than in an alkaline environment. Under alkaline conditions, especially at a pH range from 6.0 to 8.0, DHM was prone to oxidation and degraded dramatically [21]. Similarly, the stability of DHM is affected by the pH rather than the digestive enzymes including pepsin and pancreatin under the in vitro digestion system [21]. At a concentration of 20 μg/mL, DHM was stable at room temperature after 12 h and at -20°C for 10 d, but only 45.42% was retained after 3 h in simulated intestinal fluid at 37°C [21]. The plasma DHM concentration reached maximum (159 μg/L) at 1.5 h postadministration when DHM powder was given at a dosage of 115 mg/kg body weight in rabbits, indicating a low bioavailability of DHM [18]. Efflux transporters, multidrug resistance protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein also played an important role in DHM uptake and transport processes [22]. A research group had investigated the distribution, excretion, and metabolic profile of DHM and found that most unconverted DHM forms were excreted in feces [23]. Eight metabolites of DHM in urine and feces were found to be linked with reduction, methylation, dehydroxylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation metabolic pathways [23]. These problems together resulted in its low membrane permeability () and compromised bioavailability [18]. However, the amount of DHM from the daily intake of Ampelopsis grossedentata that can possibly exert its bioactivity had been investigated in clinical trials. For instance, the administration of DHM at 970 mg/day was reported to effectively ameliorate the glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus in a previous study [18]. In a double-blind clinical trial, daily uptake of 600 mg of DHM exerted anti-inflammatory effects on patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [18].
Through identification and quantification methods, the transport mechanisms and protective effects of DHM in metabolic diseases have recently been reviewed [18, 24]; however, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully documented. This study is aimed at giving an overview of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer effects of DHM, as well as recent findings regarding its underlying molecular mechanisms including redox balance and the role of gut microbiota.
2. Dihydromyricetin Exerts Its Chemopreventive Potential against Cancer
Cancer is a public health problem and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The redox imbalance involving persistent chronic inflammation and reduced antioxidant capacity are the critical pathological causes of cancer. Presently, chemoprevention is a major approach to prevent the growth of cancer cells. However, high cost and side effects associated with chemotherapy have prompted scientists to search for safe alternative natural compounds for cancer therapy [25]. Flavonoids are plant phytochemicals, and several epidemiological studies have reported that flavonoid intake may prevent a variety of cancers such as lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, and colon cancers [26].
DHM, a flavonoid from the edible plant Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibited anticancer activity against a variety of cancer cells in various cultured cancer cells and animal models transplanted with cancer cells, as shown in Table 1. The most widely used cell lines for the determination of anticancer effects of DHM were HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer), PC-3 (human prostate cancer), A549 and H1975 (human non-small-cell lung cancer), U251 and A172 (human glioma), SKOV3 (human ovarian cancer), SGC7901 and SGC7901/5-FU (human gastric carcinoma), and JAR (human choriocarcinoma) [27–39]. Different cancer cell lines were used by various researchers as each cell line has a different origin, tumor characteristics, and signaling pathways. In addition, animals such as mice and rats with transplanted cancer cells have also been used as in vivo models for investigation of antitumor activity of DHM [31, 37, 40, 41].
|
DHM effectively showed anticancer activity in a variety of cancers such as breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, cervical carcinoma, glioma, and osteosarcoma [32, 33, 42–46]. Among the treatments for different cancer cells, DHM has a broad dosage from 1 to 1000 μM with a duration from 6 to 72 h, presenting cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-inducing effects (Table 1). The concentration of DHM used in various studies shifts dramatically, which might be due to the differences in cell lines, DHM purity, and cell treatment conditions. The functional mechanisms and major pathways are also listed in Table 1. DHM inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells via G2/M phase cell cycle arrest through the Chk1/Chk2/Cdc25C signaling pathway; induced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells that target ROS-related, Akt/Bad, ERK1/2, AMPK, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt signaling pathways; enhanced the levels of DR4, DR5, Bax, Bad, and caspase 3; and reduced the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mTOR [30, 32, 47, 48]. The suppressing effect of DHM on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was reported through ROS generation, ER stress pathway, and inhibition of mTOR [28, 31]. DHM treatment dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HeLa cells by inducing apoptosis through activation of caspases 9 and 3 and increasing the ratio of Bax protein to Bcl-2 [44]. In A549 human adenocarcinoma lung epithelial cells, DHM decreased XIAP and survivin expression levels and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. DHM stimulated apoptosis via a p53-mediated pathway in ovarian cancer cells A2780 and SKOV3 [46]. DHM was also reported to inhibit human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cells by inducing apoptosis; arresting cell cycle at the G1/S phases; increasing the production of p53 and p21 proteins; enhancing the expression levels of Bax proteins; and decreasing the protein levels of IKK-α, NF-κB (p65), and P-p38 [49]. In addition, DHM suppressed the glioma cell growth through enhancing apoptosis; arresting the cell cycle at the G1 and S phases; and activating caspase 8, caspase 9, and caspase 3 [37]. DHM exhibited anticancer activity in osteosarcoma cells through G2-M cell cycle arrest, DNA damage prevention, stimulation of the ATM-CHK2-H2AX signaling pathways, and enhancing p21 expression [50]. Zuo et al. reported that DHM suppressed the growth of human choriocarcinoma JAR cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and reducing the expression levels of cyclin A1, cyclin D1, SMAD3, and SMAD4. DHM function on other cancer cells is likely to share similar pathways. However, few studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of DHM on normal cells. The anticancer effects should selectively inhibit the growth of the cancerous cells without damaging the normal cells. The lack of cytotoxic data on normal cells could potentially limit the use of DHM as an anticancer agent.
Several studies evaluated the anticancer effects of DHM in combination with anticancer drugs in order to overcome the drug resistance of cancerous cells. DHM in combination with nedaplatin (anticancer drug) showed a synergistic effect on the inhibition of the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC7721 and QGY7701, and induced apoptosis through the activation of the p53/Bcl-2 signaling pathways [51]. Also, DHM in combination with erlotinib significantly induced the caspase-dependent cell death in NSCLC due to a synergistic effect [43]. More importantly, interactions between DHM and other drugs and their toxicological properties need to be substantially evaluated before use as anticancer drugs since DHM has the potential to show synergy effects with drugs.
Apart from cultured cancer cell lines, many researchers determined the antitumor potential of DHM in various animal models bearing transplanted cancer cells. PC-3 tumor growth was significantly reduced by 49.2% through the administration of DHM at 300 mg/kg BW in mice [27]. It was found that tumor size was significantly reduced in mice treated with DHM compared to the controls in athymic mice xenografted with MDA-MB-231 cells [31], in a nude mice xenograft model bearing the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS/MTX, in a mice xenograft model bearing the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS/MTX [50], and in xenograft BALB/c-nu mice transplanted with the human glioma cell line U251. Though there are some reports on the antitumor effects of DHM, there are some limitations that could hinder the advancement of DHM as an anticancer agent for human use. On the one hand, the molecular mechanism and major pathways still remain unclear. It is important to reveal the mechanism with consistency among cell models, animal models, and clinical studies. Therefore, more research is needed in animals and humans to generate reliable and consistent scientific evidence regarding the anticancer effects of DHM.
3. Antioxidant Capacity Is the Main Reason for the Anticancer Property of DHM
Aerobic cellular respiration generates free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The in-built antioxidant defense system protects the body from the harmful effects of free radicals. The imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant defense system results in oxidative stress. The free radicals and ROS contain unpaired electrons in the outer shell, resulting in their instability. These unstable free radicals are highly reactive; attract electrons from other molecules; and cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids [52]. The oxidative damage inflicted upon macromolecules results in oxidative stress, which has been found to be highly associated with cancer [53].
Plant-derived flavonoids have been shown to inhibit free radicals and oxidative stress [54]. Recently, there have been many studies reporting on the antioxidant capacity of DHM. The evaluation methods, antioxidant properties, and mechanisms of DHM are shown in Table 2. Several in vitro, cell culture, and in vivo (animals) models are commonly used for the determination of the antioxidant activity of DHM, of which the most commonly used are the in vitro methods including free radical scavenging methods such as DPPH, ABTS, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), H2O2 radical scavenging power, and Fe2+ chelating method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) [5, 55–58]. Several studies documented the in vitro free radical scavenging activity of DHM. The values measured by DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and O2 radicals were 3.24-22.6, 3.1-5.32, 7.95, and 7.79 μg/mL, respectively (Table 2) [5, 17, 59, 60].
|
DHM has been shown to protect oxidative stress in various cell culture models with a concentration below 1000 μM, as shown in Table 2. Cell lines such as human hepatoma cells (HepG2), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human colon cancer (Colo-205) cells, porcine kidney epithelial cells (PK-15), PC12 cells, murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cells, glomerular mesangial cells (MCs), and HEI-OC1 auditory cells have been successfully used to determine the protective effects of DHM in oxidative stress, and oxidative stress is generally created in cell lines by using H2O2 free radicals, LPS, methylglyoxal, and sodium nitroprusside [4, 41, 47, 55, 61–67].
Oxidative stress-induced mice, rat, chicken, and piglet models have also been used by many researchers to investigate the protective role of DHM in oxidative stress. The dose used in animal studies was 25 to 250 mg/kg BW, and the duration was between 2 and 3 months. In animal studies, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) are commonly measured oxidative stress parameters to estimate the antioxidant capacity of DHM [13, 68–70]. The major antioxidant effects of DHM through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, and the ERK and Akt pathways [5, 62, 66, 71], with an increase of DHM, significantly decreased the ROS levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) [71]. DHM exhibited an antioxidative power by activating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway or the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway [5, 64]. Recently, Dong et al. found that DHM exhibited antioxidative effects through the inhibition of intracellular ROS production and expression levels of ROS producing the enzymes NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOX4, the suppression of MDA levels, the enhancement of SOD, and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway [66]. In another study, Zhang et al. determined the protective effects of DHM on HUVECs against sodium nitroprusside- (SNP-) induced oxidative damage and reported that DHM reduced ROS production and MDA levels, and increased SOD activity by activating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathways in HUVECs [65]. DHM was also reported to inhibit the oxidative stress in HEI-OC1 auditory cells through the suppression of ROS accumulation [67]. DHM inhibited the activity of phase I enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), and phase II enzymes, including sulfotransferases (SULTs) and N/O-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) [72, 73]. Oxidative stress has been involved in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Huntington’s disease [62]. Several researchers investigated the neuroprotective effect of DHM in oxidative stress-induced PC12 neuronal-like cells. They also investigated the neuroprotective role of DHM in neuronal-like PC12 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and reported that DHM treatment at 1, 5, and 15 mg/mL for 1 h inhibited the formation of ROS and increased the cellular antioxidant defense through activation of the ERK and Akt signaling pathways in PC12 cells [62]. Jiang et al. found that DHM reduced the oxidative stress in PC12 cells by inhibiting the intracellular ROS production and by modulating the AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathways [63].
The oxidative stress protection capacity of DHM was also evaluated in several animal models. DHM showed the highest radical scavenging activity (42.26%) of serum at 4 h after DHM administration in rats [57]. Li et al. induced oxidative stress in the brains of ICR mice by sleep deprivation and found that DHM administration significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing SOD activity and reducing the MDA level in the hippocampus of sleep-deprived mice [69]. Similarly, for streptozotocin-induced or transverse aortic constriction surgery-induced oxidative stress in mice as well as high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress in rats, DHM decreased MDA and increased SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px [13, 74, 75]. When induced by LPS to cause oxidative stress, DHM increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced the MDA levels in piglets, and increased SOD and GSH-Px activity and GSH in chicken plasma and ileum [55, 70]. The scientific evidence from in vitro, cell culture, and animal studies clearly indicate that DHM could prevent the free radicals, oxidative stress, and related markers. However, scientific data related to the antioxidant capacity of DHM in humans is scanty. Therefore, more clinical investigations are needed to improve the therapeutic applications of DHM as a natural antioxidant.
4. Anti-Inflammatory Capacity Is Fundamental and Is the Immediate Reason for Its Anticancer Efficacy
Inflammation is a complex and normal response of the immune system to external stimuli such as pathogens, toxins, chemical agents, infection, and tissue injury. When inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) are activated by stimuli (e.g., LPS and IFN-γ), inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2 are excessively produced through the activation of common inflammatory signaling pathways such as the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways [76]. The overproduction of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2) has been associated with several diseases such as diabetes, cancer, asthma, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory bowel diseases [77]. Recently, there has been growing interest in nutraceuticals and functional foods derived from plant sources. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds largely present in vegetables, fruits, legumes, and tea. Flavonoids such as quercetin, cyanidin, luteolin, anthocyanidin, catechin, and epicatechin have shown to contain anti-inflammatory properties [78]. DHM has been extensively studied by many researchers for its anti-inflammatory activities using various cell cultures, animal models, and human studies. Several researchers used different inflammatory models (neuroinflammation, arthritis inflammation, and lung inflammation) to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of DHM. Table 3 shows the various models used and the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory property of DHM.
|
The most widely used model for the investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of plant-derived compounds is the macrophage that is stimulated by LPS. Macrophages play an important role in inflammation. The murine RAW264.7 macrophage cell line is the most commonly used cell culture model for the determination of the anti-inflammatory activity of food-derived compounds. Macrophages stimulated by the Toll-like receptor ligand LPS produce various inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NO, transcription factor NF-κB, and prostaglandin-E2 that regulate the inflammatory responses. Numerous studies reported that DHM showed anti-inflammatory activity through different molecular mechanisms such as suppression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), activation of the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), inhibition of MAPKs, suppression of the production of prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB [3, 4, 79, 80].
The inflammatory response of the brain or the spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, and it has an important role in the development of depression by producing cytokines, chemokines, and ROS [26]. Microglial cells are macrophages in the central nervous system and are commonly used as a model to investigate the protective effects of DHM in neuroinflammation. Several researchers evaluated the anti-inflammatory capacity of DHM in neuroinflammation using microglial cells and mice models. Weng et al. investigated the neuroinflammation protection capacity of DHM using murine BV-2 microglial cells activated by LPS and reported that DHM inhibited neuroinflammation by suppressing the IκB/NF-κB inflammation pathway as well as decreasing STAT3 nuclear translocation and the phosphorylation levels of JAK2-STAT3. Additionally, the authors demonstrated that DHM treatment significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-induced microglial cells. DHM treatment at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day for 3 days showed an antidepressant-like activity by significantly inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 gene expressions and protein levels in a mice model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation [81]. DHM at 1 mg/kg BW for 4 weeks significantly inhibited the neuroinflammation of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice by decreasing IL-1β via reduction of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes [82]. In a lead- (Pb-) induced inflammation model in mice, Pb combined with DHM administration at a dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg/BW significantly inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 via regulating the AMPK, Aβ, TLR4, MyD88, p38, and GSK-3β signaling pathways. DHM exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells by suppressing the proinflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 through reducing the activation of the TRL4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These studies proved that DHM possess neuroinflammation protection activity through the inhibition of inflammatory mediators.
The anti-inflammatory effects of DHM were investigated with the administration of a DHM dosage from 0.025 to 500 mg/kg BW within 2 weeks to 14 weeks. Xu et al. studied the anti-inflammatory capacity of DHM in an ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced mice C57BL/6 model of asthma and demonstrated that DHM treatment significantly decreased the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to the control group [83]. DHM treatment significantly suppressed IL-1β and IL-18 production by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome through the activation of the SIRT1 signaling pathway in a doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced rat model and in DOX-treated H9C2 cells [84]. DHM was found to reduce the inflammation in CIA rats by attenuating IL-1β production through the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway [85]. Chu et al. reported that DHM significantly reduced the inflammation in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 via activating the Nrf2 pathway [86]. Chang et al. investigated the protective role of DHM in ileum inflammation, induced by LPS, in chickens and found that DHM treatment decreased IL-1β and IL-18 expression through the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. DHM significantly decreased the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the COX-2 gene expressions and increased the production of IL-10 in the liver of piglets injected with LPS [21]. Additionally, the authors demonstrated that DHM supplementation in LPS-treated piglets decreased the activation of AKT and STAT3 phosphorylation and reduced the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB [21].
More importantly, the anti-inflammatory activity of DHM was also determined in humans. Chen et al. conducted a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial with sixty adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients, and the DHM was administered (150 mg capsules) twice daily for 12 weeks [87]. The authors found that DHM exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity in humans by decreasing the serum levels of TNF-α, cytokeratin-18 fragment, and fibroblast growth factor 21.
Although sufficient evidence is available from cell culture and animal experiments, the results from clinical studies are meager. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies are needed in humans to further confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of DHM. More results from human studies would provide strong scientific evidence for using DHM as a therapeutic agent to treat inflammation and its related diseases.
5. Gut Microbiota Is a Potential Interface for the Regulation of Redox Balance for Cancer Prevention
The interface of gut microbiota is very important for cancer chemoprevention of DHM, and the interaction between DHM and gut microbiota is the key stage for its mechanism study. DHM is a flavonoid with poor oral bioavailability in vivo because of its rare absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Due to the low bioavailability, the vast majority of DHM persists in the colon where it is exposed to the gut microbiota, which markedly alters the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota and modulates the gut microbiota composition [88]. Previous studies indicated that DHM could be distributed widely in different organs such as the liver, kidney, lung, brain, and heart, whereas most of them were eliminated in feces, which indicated that DHM is predominantly distributed in the intestinal tract, and closely interacts with the gut microbiota [89].
It is reported that DHM treatment could obviously change the relative abundances of gut microbiota at different levels [90]. DHM is able to dramatically increase the abundance of Bacteroidetes but decrease the abundance of Firmicutes, which was related to obesity intervention in humans. In brief, decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was demonstrated to control body weight via modulatory glucose and lipid metabolism. Besides, DHM supplement can decrease the abundances of Lachnoclostridium, Alistipes, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Allobaculum, Ruminiclostridium 9, Rikenellaceae RC9, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Anaerotruncus, Defluviitaleaceae UCG-011, [Eubacterium] ventriosum, Christensenellaceae R-7, and Odoribacter, whereas it can increase the abundances of Parasutterella, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Parabacteroides [91]. Thus, a lot of evidences suggested that DHM supplement could intervene against chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancers, via modulating the gut microbiota composition [92].
Moreover, the interaction between DHM and gut microbiota is reported to be associated with cancer. DHM was reported to promote the CPT-11 effect both in the mouse model of AOM/DSS cancer; tumors were sensitive to 100 mg/kg DHM chemotherapy under 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg CPT-11 (irinotecan). DHM-driven CPT-11 chemotherapy induced enhanced IgG levels and the reduction of Fusobacterium abundance in the gut [91]. Besides, the intestinal tract is the most import target organ for DHM intervention associated with the chemotherapeutic efficacy and reduced risk of the side effects of cancer treatment via the regulation of immune responses and the shaping of gut microbiota [92].
On the other hand, DHM was reported to be biotransformed into other metabolites by gut microbiota via methylation, reduction, dehydroxylation, glucuronidation, and sulfation pathways which may be closely related to the regulation of redox balance [93]. Therefore, gut microbiota is a potential important interface for regulating the redox balance for providing more therapeutic schedules on various other human diseases.
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
DHM originated from a natural plant in China and has received increasing attention due to its pharmacological activities. In this review, the physicochemical properties of DHM have been mentioned. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities and related molecular mechanisms have been further reviewed. The molecular mechanism diagram of the inhibitory effect of DHM on cancer has been summarized as shown in Figure 2. In brief, DHM exerts its anticancer activity via direct scavenging of ROS, regulating intestinal microbiota, and indirectly modulating the cellular signaling pathway, including the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, and the induction of the apoptosis pathway.
Substantial scientific evidence about the functional properties of DHM is available from cell culture and animal studies. DHM exhibited bioactivities by modulating several molecular pathways. However, the mechanism of pharmacological action, distribution, and metabolism are still not well investigated in vivo in animals, and what is more, the evidence from clinical studies is meager. The novel targets of the signaling transduction of DHM still require more work. Furthermore, more studies are needed in humans in order improve the applications of DHM in food and pharmaceutical industries. The future in vivo researches by multiomics technologies are required to understand the safety, bioavailability, and metabolism mechanism of DHM targeting on oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer, especially to reveal the reciprocal interaction among DHM, cells/organs, and gut microbiota. This could pave ways for the industry applications of DHM as a functional food/healthy food/therapeutic agent.
Abbreviations
AAPH: | 2,2-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride |
ABTS: | 3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid |
BAD: | Bcl-2-associated death promoter |
BAX: | BCL-2-associated X protein |
COX-2: | Cyclooxygenase 2 |
DHM: | Dihydromyricetin |
DPPH: | 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl |
GSH: | Glutathione |
H2O2: | Hydrogen peroxide |
HCC: | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
HUVECs: | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
iNOS: | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IL: | Interleukin |
: | Half-maximal inhibitory concentration |
LPO: | Lipid peroxidation |
LPS: | Lipopolysaccharide |
MDA: | Malondialdehyde |
MIC: | Minimum inhibitory concentration |
MAPKs: | Mitogen-activated protein kinases |
MNU: | 1-Methyl-1-nitrosourea |
NF-κB: | Nuclear factor-κ-gene binding |
Nrf2: | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
O2•−: | Superoxide anion |
ORAC: | Oxygen radical absorption capacity |
OH•: | Hydroxyl radicals |
ROS: | Reactive oxygen species |
SOD: | Superoxide dismutase |
STAT3: | Transduction and transcription 3 |
TNF-α: | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
TLRs: | Toll-like receptors. |
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
References
- W. Gao, S.-U. Lee, J. Li, and J.-W. Lee, “Development of improved process with treatment of cellulase for isolation of ampelopsin from dried fruits of Ampelopsis grossedentata,” BioResources, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 2712–2722, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Weng, H. Zhang, X. Li et al., “Ampelopsin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through the inhibition of the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in microglia,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 44, pp. 1–8, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- N. Jing and X. Li, “Dihydromyricetin attenuates inflammation through TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway,” Open Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 719–725, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Hou, Q. Tong, W. Wang, W. Xiong, C. Shi, and J. Fang, “Dihydromyricetin protects endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress damage by regulating mitochondrial pathways,” Life Sciences, vol. 130, pp. 38–46, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- K. Xie, X. He, K. Chen, J. Chen, K. Sakao, and D.-X. Hou, “Antioxidant properties of a traditional vine tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata,” Antioxidants, vol. 8, no. 8, p. 295, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Liu, Y. Shu, Q. Zhang et al., “Dihydromyricetin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” Oncology Letters, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1645–1651, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Sun, W. Liu, C. Wang et al., “Combination of dihydromyricetin and ondansetron strengthens antiproliferative efficiency of adriamycin in K562/ADR through downregulation of SORCIN: a new strategy of inhibiting P-glycoprotein,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 234, no. 4, pp. 3685–3696, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Chen, M. Yao, X. Fan et al., “Dihydromyricetin attenuates streptozotocin-induced liver injury and inflammation in rats via regulation of NF-κB and AMPK signaling pathway,” eFood, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 188–195, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. He, J. Zhang, L. Dong et al., “Dihydromyricetin attenuates metabolic syndrome and improves insulin sensitivity by upregulating insulin receptor substrate-1 (Y612) tyrosine phosphorylation in db/db mice,” Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, vol. 12, pp. 2237–2249, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Ran, X. L. Wang, H. D. Lang et al., “Ampelopsis grossedentata supplementation effectively ameliorates the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 776–782, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- T. T. Liu, Y. Zeng, K. Tang, X. M. Chen, W. Zhang, and X. Le Xu, “Dihydromyricetin ameliorates atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient mice,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 262, pp. 39–50, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Zeng, Y. Peng, K. Tang et al., “Dihydromyricetin ameliorates foam cell formation via LXRα- ABCA1/ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux in macrophages,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 101, pp. 543–552, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Chen, H.-Q. Luo, L.-L. Sun et al., “Dihydromyricetin attenuates myocardial hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction via oxidative stress inhibition and SIRT3 pathway enhancement,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 9, article 2592, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Wei, X. Sun, X. Qi, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, and Y. Xu, “Dihydromyricetin ameliorates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury through Sirt3 activation,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2019, Article ID 6803943, 9 pages, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Zhong, G. Zhou, and X. Chen, “The rat chronic toxicity test of total flavone of Ampelopsis grossedentata from Guangxi,” Lishizhen Medicine & Materia Medical Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 193–195, 2003. View at: Google Scholar
- J. J. Xu, M. J. Yao, and M. C. Wu, “Study on biological efficacy of dihydromyricetin,” Food Science, vol. 29, pp. 622–625, 2008. View at: Google Scholar
- L. Zhao, A. Wang, B. Liu, G. Li, Z. Zhang, and S. Chen, “Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata leaves,” Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 14–17, 2009. View at: Google Scholar
- D. Liu, Y. Mao, L. Ding, and X.-A. Zeng, “Dihydromyricetin: a review on identification and quantification methods, biological activities, chemical stability, metabolism and approaches to enhance its bioavailability,” Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 91, pp. 586–597, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- M. Wu, M. Jiang, T. Dong et al., “Reversal effect of dihydromyricetin on multiple drug resistance in SGC7901/5-FU cells,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1269–1274, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- R. Wang, J. Pi, X. Su et al., “Dihydromyricetin suppresses inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of IKKβ activity in macrophages,” Scanning, vol. 38, no. 6, p. 912, 2016. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Hou, T. Wang, H. Ahmad, and Z. Xu, “Ameliorative effect of ampelopsin on LPS-induced acute phase response in piglets,” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 35, pp. 489–498, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- D. Xiang, L. Fan, X. L. Hou et al., “Uptake and transport mechanism of dihydromyricetin across human intestinal Caco-2 cells,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 83, no. 7, pp. 1941–1947, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- H. Li, Q. Li, Z. Liu et al., “The versatile effects of dihydromyricetin in health,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2017, Article ID 1053617, 10 pages, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- H. Tong, X. Zhang, L. Tan, R. Jin, S. Huang, and X. Li, “Multitarget and promising role of dihydromyricetin in the treatment of metabolic diseases,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 870, article 172888, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- K. Nurgali, R. T. Jagoe, and R. Abalo, “Adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy: Anything new to improve tolerance and reduce sequelae?” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 9, p. 245, 2018. View at: Google Scholar
- D. F. Romagnolo and O. I. Selmin, “Flavonoids and cancer prevention: a review of the evidence,” Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 206–238, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- F. Ni, Y. Gong, L. Li, H. M. Abdolmaleky, and J.-R. Zhou, “Flavonoid ampelopsin inhibits the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer in vitro and in mice,” PLoS One, vol. 7, no. 6, article e38802, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Zhou, F. Shu, X. Liang et al., “Ampelopsin induces cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in breast cancer cells through ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 2, article e89021, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Q. Y. Zhang, R. Li, G. F. Zeng et al., “Dihydromyricetin inhibits migration and invasion of hepatoma cells through regulation of MMP-9 expression,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 20, no. 29, pp. 10082–10093, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Xia, S. Guo, T. Fang et al., “Dihydromyricetin induces autophagy in HepG2 cells involved in inhibition of mTOR and regulating its upstream pathways,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 66, pp. 7–13, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- H. Chang, X. Peng, Q. Bai et al., “Ampelopsin suppresses breast carcinogenesis by inhibiting the mTOR signalling pathway,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1847–1854, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- S. Qi, X. Kou, J. Lv, Z. Qi, and L. Yan, “Ampelopsin induces apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatoma cell line through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways: involvement of P38 and ERK,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 847–854, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X.-M. Chen, X.-B. Xie, Q. Zhao et al., “Ampelopsin induces apoptosis by regulating multiple c-Myc/S-phase kinase-associated protein 2/F-box and WD repeat-containing protein 7/histone deacetylase 2 pathways in human lung adenocarcinoma cells,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 105–112, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- S.-J. Kao, W.-J. Lee, J.-H. Chang et al., “Suppression of reactive oxygen species-mediated ERK and JNK activation sensitizes dihydromyricetin-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer,” Environmental Toxicology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1426–1438, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Chen et al., “Dihydromyricetin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells through down-regulation of the Akt/Bad pathway,” Nutrition Research, vol. 38, pp. 27–33, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Zuo, Q. Xu, Y. Lu et al., “Dihydromyricetin induces apoptosis in a human choriocarcinoma cell line,” Oncology Letters, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 4229–4234, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Guo, H. Guozhang, H. Wang, Z. Li, and N. Liu, “Ampelopsin inhibits human glioma through inducing apoptosis and autophagy dependent on ROS generation and JNK pathway,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 116, article 108524, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- F. Wang, X. Chen, D. Yuan, Y. Yi, and Y. Luo, “Golgi reassembly and stacking protein 65 downregulation is required for the anti-cancer effect of dihydromyricetin on human ovarian cancer cells,” PLoS One, vol. 14, no. 11, article e0225450, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Zuo, Y. Lu, Q. Xu et al., “Inhibitory effect of dihydromyricetin on the proliferation of JAR cells and its mechanism of action,” Oncology Letters, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 357–363, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. Zhang, S. Dong, X. Cen et al., “Ampelopsin sodium exhibits antitumor effects against bladder carcinoma in orthotopic xenograft models,” Anti-Cancer Drugs, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 590–596, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Liang, J. Wu, F. Wang, P. Zhang, and X. Zhang, “Semaphoring 4D is required for the induction of antioxidant stress and anti- inflammatory effects of dihydromyricetin in colon cancer,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 67, pp. 220–230, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Zhao, J.-q. Yin, M.-s. Wu et al., “Dihydromyricetin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and P38MAPKExerting antitumor potential in osteosarcoma,” Cancer Prevention Research, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 927–938, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- S.-W. Hong, N.-S. Park, M. H. Noh et al., “Combination treatment with erlotinib and ampelopsin overcomes erlotinib resistance in NSCLC cells via the Nox2-ROS-Bim pathway,” Lung Cancer, vol. 106, pp. 115–124, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- P. Cheng, C. Gui, J. Huang et al., “Molecular mechanisms of ampelopsin from Ampelopsis megalophylla induces apoptosis in HeLa cells,” Oncology Letters, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 2691–2698, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- D.-Z. Zhou, H. Y. Sun, J. Q. Yue, Y. Peng, Y. M. Chen, and Z. J. Zhong, “Dihydromyricetin induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy through ROS-NF-κB signalling in human melanoma cells,” Free Radical Research, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 517–528, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Xu, S. Wang, H. F. Chan et al., “Dihydromyricetin induces apoptosis and reverses drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells by p53-mediated downregulation of survivin,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, article 46060, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. Liu, X. Tan, J. Liang et al., “A reduction in reactive oxygen species contributes to dihydromyricetin- induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” Scientific Reports, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- H. Huang, M. Hu, R. Zhao, P. Li, and M. Li, “Dihydromyricetin suppresses the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inducing G2/M arrest through the Chk1/Chk2/Cdc25C pathway,” Oncology Reports, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2467–2475, 2013. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- G. Zeng, J. Liu, H. Chen et al., “Dihydromyricetin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in melanoma SK-MEL-28 cells,” Oncology Reports, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 2713–2719, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Zhao, J. Q. Yin, M. S. Wu et al., “Dihydromyricetin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and P38MAPK exerting antitumor potential in osteosarcoma,” Cancer Prevention Research, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 927–938, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Jiang, Q. Zhang, H. Ren et al., “Dihydromyricetin enhances the chemo-sensitivity of nedaplatin via regulation of the p53/Bcl-2 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 4, article e0124994, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- E. Birben, U. M. Sahiner, C. Sackesen, S. Erzurum, and O. Kalayci, “Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense,” World Allergy Organization Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9–19, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- I. Liguori, G. Russo, F. Curcio et al., “Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases,” Clinical Interventions in Aging, vol. 13, pp. 757–772, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- A. N. Panche, A. D. Diwan, and S. R. Chandra, “Flavonoids: an overview,” Journal of Nutritional Science, vol. 5, 2016. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Hou, J. Zhang, H. Ahmad, H. Zhang, Z. Xu, and T. Wang, “Evaluation of antioxidant activities of ampelopsin and its protective effect in lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress piglets,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 9, article e108314, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- W. Liao, Z. Ning, L. Ma et al., “Recrystallization of dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata and its anti-oxidant activity evaluation,” Rejuvenation Research, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 422–429, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. J. Zheng, H. Xiao, Z. Zeng et al., “Composition and serum antioxidation of the main flavonoids from fermented vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata),” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 9, pp. 290–294, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Li, J. Liu, J. Lin et al., “Protective effects of dihydromyricetin against •OH-induced mesenchymal stem cells damage and mechanistic chemistry,” Molecules, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 604, 2016. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Ye, Y. Guan, S. Zeng, and D. Liu, “Ampelopsin prevents apoptosis induced by H2O2 in MT-4 lymphocytes,” Planta Medica, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 252–257, 2008. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Wu, Y. Xiao, Y. Yue, K. Zhong, Y. Zhao, and H. Gao, “A deep insight into mechanism for inclusion of 2R, 3R-dihydromyricetin with cyclodextrins and the effect of complexation on antioxidant and lipid- lowering activities,” Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 103, article 105718, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- G.-Y. Tan, M.-H. Zhang, J.-H. Feng, A.-Y. Han, S.-S. Zheng, and P. Xie, “Effects of pretreatment by the flavanol ampelopsin on porcine kidney epithelial cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide,” Agricultural Sciences in China, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 598–604, 2010. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Kou and N. Chen, “Pharmacological potential of ampelopsin in Rattan tea,” Food Science and Human Wellness, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14–18, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. Jiang, L. Le, H. Pan, K. Hu, L. Xu, and P. Xiao, “Dihydromyricetin ameliorates the oxidative stress response induced by methylglyoxal via the AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway in PC12 cells,” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 109, pp. 117–126, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Zhang, X. Li, J. Fang et al., “(2R,3R)Dihydromyricetin inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone loss through scavenging LPS-induced oxidative stress and NF-κB and MAPKs pathways activating,” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 8981–8995, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Zhang, L. Wang, L. Peng et al., “Dihydromyricetin protects HUVECs of oxidative damage induced by sodium nitroprusside through activating PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signalling pathway,” Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 4829–4838, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- C. Dong, G. Wu, H. Li, Y. Qiao, and S. Gao, “Ampelopsin inhibits high glucose-induced extracellular matrix accumulation and oxidative stress in mesangial cells through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 2044–2052, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- H. Han, Y. Dong, and X. Ma, “Dihydromyricetin protects against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity via PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling in vitro,” Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, vol. 8, p. 702, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. Wu, J. Lin, J. Luo et al., “Dihydromyricetin Protects against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Mice,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2017, Article ID 3764370, 13 pages, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- H. Li, F. Yu, X. Sun, L. Xu, J. Miu, and P. Xiao, “Dihydromyricetin ameliorates memory impairment induced by acute sleep deprivation,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 853, pp. 220–228, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Y. Chang, L. Yuan, J. Liu et al., “Dihydromyricetin attenuates Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced ileum injury in chickens by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway,” Veterinary Research, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 72, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X. Liang, T. Zhang, L. Shi et al., “Ampelopsin protects endothelial cells from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage by inducing autophagy via the AMPK signaling pathway,” BioFactors, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 463–475, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Liu, S. Sun, H. Rui, and X. Li, “In vitro inhibitory effects of dihydromyricetin on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes,” Pharmaceutical Biology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 1868–1874, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- M. Bebová, Z. Boštíková, M. Moserová et al., “Modulation of xenobiotic conjugation enzymes by dihydromyricetin in rats,” Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly, vol. 148, no. 11, pp. 2003–2009, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Guo, H. Zhang, and X. Yan, “Protective effect of dihydromyricetin revents fatty liver through nuclear factor-κB/p53/B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein signaling pathways in a rat model,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1638–1644, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- F. Wu, Y. Li, H. Song et al., “Preventive effect of dihydromyricetin against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2016, Article ID 7937385, 9 pages, 2016. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Chen, H. Deng, H. Cui et al., “Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs,” Oncotarget, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 7204–7218, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Zhong and G. Shi, “Editorial: Regulation of inflammation in chronic disease,” Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 10, p. 737, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- S. J. Maleki, J. F. Crespo, and B. Cabanillas, “Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids,” Food Chemistry, vol. 299, article 125124, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. Wang, Y. Xiao, X. Yang et al., “Protective effect of dihydromyricetin on LPS-induced acute lung injury,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 1241–1249, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Wu, K.-J. Fan, Q.-S. Wang, B.-X. Xu, Q. Cai, and T.-Y. Wang, “DMY protects the knee joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis by inhibition of NF-κB signaling and osteoclastic bone resorption,” Food & Function, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 6251–6264, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Ren, P. Yan, L. Zhu et al., “Dihydromyricetin exerts a rapid antidepressant-like effect in association with enhancement of BDNF expression and inhibition of neuroinflammation,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 235, no. 1, pp. 233–244, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Feng, J.‐. X. Wang, Y.‐. H. Du et al., “Dihydromyricetin inhibits microglial activation and neuroinflammation by suppressing NLRP 3 inflammasome activation in APP/PS 1 transgenic mice,” CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1207–1218, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- B. Xu, S. Huang, C. Wang, H. Zhang, S. Fang, and Y. Zhang, “Anti-inflammatory effects of dihydromyricetin in a mouse model of asthma,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3674–3680, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Z. Sun, W. Lu, N. Lin et al., “Dihydromyricetin alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome through activation of SIRT1,” Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 175, article 113888, 2020. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Wu, F.-T. Zhao, K.-J. Fan et al., “Dihydromyricetin inhibits inflammation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes through regulation of nuclear factor-κb signaling in rats with collagen-induced arthritis,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 368, no. 2, pp. 218–228, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. Chu, X. Wang, H. Bi, L. Li, M. Ren, and J. Wang, “Dihydromyricetin relieves rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines _via_ the activation of Nrf2 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis model,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 59, pp. 174–180, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- S. Chen, X. Zhao, J. Wan et al., “Dihydromyricetin improves glucose and lipid metabolism and exerts anti- inflammatory effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial,” Pharmacological Research, vol. 99, pp. 74–81, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- J. van Duynhoven, E. E. Vaughan, D. M. Jacobs et al., “Metabolic fate of polyphenols in the human superorganism,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, Supplement 1, pp. 4531–4538, 2011. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- Q. Tong, X. Hou, J. Fang et al., “Determination of dihydromyricetin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 114, pp. 455–461, 2015. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- R. Liu, J. Hong, X. Xu et al., “Gut microbiome and serum metabolome alterations in obesity and after weight- loss intervention,” Nature Medicine, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 859–868, 2017. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- X.-H. Zhu, H.-D. Lang, X.-L. Wang et al., “Synergy between dihydromyricetin intervention and irinotecan chemotherapy delays the progression of colon cancer in mouse models,” Food & Function, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2040–2049, 2019. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- N. Iida, A. Dzutsev, C. A. Stewart et al., “Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment,” Science, vol. 342, no. 6161, pp. 967–970, 2013. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
- L. Fan, X. Zhao, Q. Tong et al., “Interactions of dihydromyricetin, a flavonoid from vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) with gut microbiota,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 1444–1453, 2018. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Copyright
Copyright © 2021 Liang Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.