Multielement Principal Component Analysis and Origin Traceability of Rice Based on ICP-MS/MS

Wang, Yan; Yuan, Xiaoxuan; Liu, Linan; Ma, Junmei; Fan, Sufang; Zhang, Yan; Li, Qiang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536241

Journal of Food Quality

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Applications of Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Food Composition and Contaminants

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5536241 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536241

Multielement Principal Component Analysis and Origin Traceability of Rice Based on ICP-MS/MS

Yan Wang,¹Xiaoxuan Yuan,¹Linan Liu,¹Junmei Ma,¹Sufang Fan,¹Yan Zhang,¹and Qiang Li¹

Academic Editor: Antonio J. Signes-Pastor

Received02 Mar 2021

Revised03 Sept 2021

Accepted06 Sept 2021

Published24 Sept 2021

Abstract

In this experiment, inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of 30 elements in rice from six places of production and to explore the relationship between the multielement content in rice and the producing area. The contents of Ca, P, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, K, Mg, Na, Ge, Sb, Ba, Ti, V, Se, As, Sr, Mo, Ni, Co, Cr, Al, Li, Cs, Pb, Cd, B, In, and Sn in rice were determined by ICP-MS/MS in the SQ and MS/MS mode. By passing H₂, O₂, He, and NH₃/He reaction gas into the ICP-MS/MS, respectively, the interference was eliminated by means of in situ mass spectrometry and mass transfer. The detection limit of each element was 0.0000662–0.144 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was in the range of 0.000221–0.479 mg/kg, the linear correlation coefficient was greater or equal to 0.9987 (R² ≥ 0.9987), and the detection results had low detection limit and great linear regression. Recovery of the method was in the range of 80.6% to 110.5% with spike levels of 0.10–100.00 mg/kg, and relative standard deviations were lower than 10%. For the multielement content of rice from different producing areas, the principal component factor analysis can get six principal component factors, 87.878% cumulative contribution rate, and the distribution of the principal component scores of each element and different producing areas. Based on the multielement content and cluster analysis, the samples were accurately divided into two major categories and six subcategories according to the places of production, which proved that there was a significant correlation between the multielement content in rice and the place of production, so that the place of rice origin can be traced.

1. Introduction

Rice is the main staple food of our country, which contains sugar, protein, fat and dietary fiber, and other main nutrition elements and also contains a lot of necessary trace elements, such as Ca, Fe, Zn, Se, and other mineral elements [1]. Heavy and toxic metals, especially As and Cd, present due to environmental pollution are taken up by the rice plant [2–5]. In China, rice varieties are rich and diverse, with large planting area span and large quality difference. China is a vast country with diverse climatic and geographical conditions, and the crops have different biological characteristics and physical and chemical indexes. Therefore, it is valuable to analyze and compare the differences of multielement contents in rice from south to north China and to provide theoretical basis and technical support for distinguishing rice from different places of origin.

At present, the origin traceability indexes in food mainly include stable isotope [6–11], multielement composition [12, 13], characteristic content of organic component [14, 15], DNA fingerprint [16], and near-infrared spectrum [17–21]. There are some common problems in multielement analysis, such as few element types, high detection limit of low content elements, and unquantifiable trace elements. The determination methods of poly element contents in rice include an electrochemical method, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [22], atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) [23], inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) [24], and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [25, 26]. However, there are some common problems in these methods, which hamper the rapid determination of trace elements in rice, thus causing the reduction of the accuracy of traceability of multielement composition in rice. The advantage of the ICP-MS/MS method is to reduce elemental interference [27]. Alexander Simpson et al. [28]. found that by using ICP-MS/MS and NH₃ reagent gas, isotope interference can be reduced and the sensitivity of ¹⁷⁶Lu and ¹⁷⁶Yb can be improved. In terms of multielement determination, ICP-MS/MS has higher accuracy and greater diversity of elements than ICP-MS [29]. Among them, when measuring P, S, Sr, and other specific elements, O₂ and other reaction gases were used to accurately determine the element content by mass transfer [30, 31]. The advantage of the ICP-MS/MS method lies in the determination of ultratrace elements [32]. It can reduce the detection limit, which cannot be achieved by general ICP-MS and other detection methods.

In this paper, ICP-MS/MS was first used to determine the 30 elements’ contents in rice from six rice-production areas in Anhui, Guangxi, Guangdong, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia. Under SQ and MS/MS models [33], He, NH₃/He [34], O₂ [35], and H₂ [36] were selected as reactive gases for different elements to eliminate mass spectrum interference and reduce detection limit, and the relationship between the element content and the origin was studied by principal component analysis and cluster analysis, which provides technical support for quality control and origin traceability of rice.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents and Solutions

Li, Na, Mg, Al, B, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb, Sc, Bi, Rh, and Y element standard solution (1000 μg/mL, Guobiao Testing & Certification Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), GBW0043, GBW10044, and GBW10045 Rice reference materials (Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration IGGE, Langfang, China), 65% BV-III grade of HNO₃ (Beijing Institute of Chemical Reagents, Beijing, China), 30% H₂O₂ (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and deionized water (18.2 MΩ/cm), prepared by using the Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA), were used.

2.2. Sample Collection and Preparation

The samples were collected from six rice-producing areas in Anhui Province, Guangxi Province, Guangdong Province, Jilin Province, Heilongjiang Province, and Inner Mongolia. We purchased common local rice samples with large planting areas in each rice market, a total of 18 batches. Three independent packages were purchased for each batch, and mixed samples were taken to ensure uniformity. The rice samples of each batch were hulled, ground, crushed, and stored in a sealed, low-temperature, and dark place.

In a PTFE digestion tank, each rice sample which weighs 0.3–0.5 g (accurate to 0.001 g) was added to 4 mL HNO₃ and 1 mL 30% H₂O₂ and soaked for 3–4 h or overnight, the upper cap was screwed, and it was digested with the microwave digestion instrument (CEM MARS6, CEM, Matthews, USA). The conditions of the microwave digestion instrument are shown in Table 1. Then, they were placed on the temperature-controlled electric heating plate (BHW-09C, Shanghai Botong Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and heated at for 20–30 min for degassing. After cooling, the samples were diluted to 50 mL with deionized water and shook well for later use. For each group of samples, blanks (deionized water and reagents) and reference materials were included throughout the entire sample preparation and analytical process.

2.3. Inductively Coupled Plasma Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis

This experiment was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of 30 isotopes (⁷Li, ²³Na, ²⁴Mg, ²⁷Al, ¹¹B, ³¹P, ³²S, ³⁹K, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁵¹V, ⁵²Cr, ⁵⁵Mn, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁰Ni, ⁶³Cu, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷²Ge, ⁷⁵As, ⁷⁸Se, ⁸⁸Sr, ⁹⁵Mo, ¹¹¹Cd, ¹¹⁵In, ¹¹⁸Sn, ¹²¹Sb, ¹³³Cs, ¹³⁷Ba, and ²⁰⁸Pb) in rice was determined by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (Agilent 8900 Series, Agilent, USA). 1 μg/mL mixed solution of Li, Y, Co, Tl, Ce, and Mg was used as the tuning solution, and 0.10 rps speed of the peristaltic pump was used to continuously feed the solution. Through the tuning program, the conditions of no gas, H₂, O₂, He, and NH₃/He multimode analysis methods were optimized. In the no-gas mode, the monitored ions were 7, 89, and 205. In the He mode, the monitored ions were 59, 89, and 205. In the H₂ mode, the monitored ions were Q₁ = Q₂ = 59, 89, and 205. In the O₂ mode, the monitored ions were Q₁ = Q₂ = 59, Q₁ = 89/Q₂ = 105, and Q₁ = Q₂ = 205. In the NH₃/He mode, the monitored ions were Q₁ = Q₂ = 59, Q₁ = 89/Q₂ = 191, and Q₁ = Q₂ = 205. Under different modes, RF power was 1550 W, auxiliary gas was 0.90 L/min, plasma gas was 15.0 L/min, sampling depth was 8.0 mm, and extraction lens was −7.6 V. The instrument’s other conditions of ICP-MS/MS are shown in Table 2.

For the selection of element determination mode and reagent gas, this method involves two modes: the SQ (single quadrupole) standard mode and MS/MS tandem mode. There are He and no-gas reagent gas modes in the SQ mode and He, NH₃/He, H₂, O₂, and no-gas reagent gas modes in the MS/MS mode. The elements are measured in all modes, and the mode with the lowest detection limit of each element is determined as the best measurement mode.

Through the measured experimental conditions and methods, the elements Sc, Y, Rh, and Bi were used as the internal standard elements. Analyzing the experimental data can get a linear fitting standard curve with the X-axis as the concentration point and the Y-axis as the response value. Through this standard curve, the detection limit and background equivalent concentration of the analysis element can be obtained by calculating the element standard deviation. The linear correlation coefficient and range, internal standard elements, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) are shown in Table 3.

At the same time, the content of each element in rice reference materials (GBW10043, GBW10044, and GBW10045) was determined, the standard value was compared, and the recovery rate was calculated to prove the accuracy and reliability of the method, and the recovery experiment was conducted.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

All analyses were conducted in triplicate. The results reported were the average of these three replicates. Each sample was considered as an assembly of 30 variables represented by the data of chemical information. The analysis data and the fitted linear regression curve were analyzed by Agilent Mass Hunter software (Agilent Inc., USA). A normal distribution test of multielements, principal component analysis, and clustering analysis were performed with SPSS 25.0 software (SPSS, IBM Corp., USA).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Mass Spectrometry Mode Selection and Interference Elimination

In this experiment, the SQ (single quadrupole) standard mode and MS/MS tandem mode were used to simultaneously determine the concentration of multielement. The elements were measured in different modes and different reaction gas modes, and the element detection limit was used as the criterion to determine the best measurement mode for each element. The results are shown in Table 4.

The interference was eliminated by making full use of the collision mode between the element and the reaction gas. In the SQ mode, the mass ions of ⁶³Cu, ¹¹¹Cd, ¹¹⁸Sn, ¹²¹Sb, and ²⁰⁸Pb had the characteristics of high abundance value and less interference. The corresponding Q₂ mass number was the only one that needs to be set during the determination.

In the MS/MS mode, the NH₃/He mixture gas collided with ⁷Li, ²⁴Mg, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁶⁰Ni, ⁹⁵Mo, and ¹³⁷Ba ions in the reaction cell, H₂ collided with ²³Na, ²⁷Al, ⁵⁵Mn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁷²Ge, ⁷⁸Se, ⁸⁸Sr, and ¹¹⁵In ions, and O₂ collided with ³⁹K and ¹³³Cs ions, respectively. The interference was eliminated by in situ mass spectrometry, which means the elements only collide with the reaction gas and do not combine with each other. Therefore, the mass number of the front and after tetrodes to be set remains unchanged (Q₁ = Q₂). However, the system will still have the same amount of heterotopic number signal superposition interference and double charge ion interference; for example, ions Ni⁺⁺, SiH, CO, and NO may interfere with ³¹P; ions Zn⁺⁺, NO, and OO may interfere with ³²S; ions CAr and ArO interfere with ⁵²Cr; ions ArCl, CaCl, and CoO interfere with ⁷⁵As; ions ArO and MnH interfere with ⁵⁶Fe; and ions Sn⁺⁺, NiH, and MgCl interfere with ⁵⁹Co. Therefore, in the determination of some specific elements, if the reactant gas and the element collide with each other to generate ions with a new mass number, the abovementioned interferences can be better avoided. In addition, when the gas collided with the analysis element, new mass ions were formed in the reaction, that is, mass transfer (Figure 1). In the experiment, NH₃/He mixture gas can react with ¹¹B⁺ and ⁵⁶Fe⁺ to form ¹¹B⁴⁹NH(NH₃)₂⁺ and ⁵⁶Fe(¹⁴NH₃)₂⁺ cluster ions. Also, the O₂ mode was more widely used, which can undergo mass transfer with ³¹P⁺, ³²S⁺, ⁴⁷Ti⁺, ⁵¹V⁺, ⁵²Cr⁺, ⁷⁵As⁺, and generated ³¹P¹⁶O⁺, ³²S¹⁶O⁺, ⁴⁷Ti¹⁶O⁺, ⁵¹V¹⁶O⁺, ⁵²Cr¹⁶O⁺, and ⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺ cluster ions, respectively.

3.2. Standard Material Determination and Precision

Multielement determination was performed on the standard materials GBW10043, GBW10044, and GBW10045, and the results are shown in Table 5. The average recoveries of element content of reference materials were in the range between 82.9% and 115%.

The recoveries of analytes were evaluated by adding the standard solutions with three different concentration levels to the known amounts of samples. The data of recovery and precision are given in Table 6, and the average recoveries of element content in rice were in the range between 80.6% and 110.5%. The RSDs were in the range of 0.4%–8.9%. The measurement results show that this method has high accuracy and meets the requirements of analysis and measurement.

3.3. Multielement Analysis of Samples

There are obvious differences in the content of Ba, Ge, Co, Cu, Cr, Ti, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Li, and other elements in rice from different producing areas in north and south China. In southern China, there are differences in the content of Na, Mg, K, Ca, V, Ge, Cs, Ba, and other elements in rice produced in Anhui Province, Guangxi Province, and Guangdong Province. However, in northern China, there are obvious differences in the content of B, Na, Ca, P, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Sr, Mo, Cs, and other elements in batches of rice in Jilin Province, Heilongjiang Province, and Inner Mongolia (Table 7). The contents of Al, In, and Sn were not detected.

We conducted further statistical analysis on the abovementioned experimental data, by calculating the standard deviation of each element and judging the difference of each element in different regions according to the degree of dispersion of the value of each element. As shown in Figure 2, the standard deviations of S, P, K, Cd, Mg, and other elements were large, and the degree of dispersion was relatively higher than that of other elements, which can be initially used as indicative elements for traceability.

3.4. Multielement Normal Distribution Test

The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was conducted on the content of 30 elements in rice from different origins. The asymptotic significance (bilateral) value was calculated. The content data of 24 elements obeyed normal distribution.

3.5. Principal Component Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate statistical analysis method that analyses a few variables which can reveal the internal structure sufficiently by studying the relationship between multiple original variables.

According to the rule that the characteristic value is greater than 1 and the cumulative variance contribution rate is greater than 80%, six principal component factors were obtained through rotation and extraction factors, and the total contribution rate was 87.878%, indicating that the experimental data can fully reflect the original information (Table 8).

The first principal component is mainly composed of S, Ti, Ni, Cu, Co, Ge, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Zn, and Se elements. The second principal component is mainly composed of Li, B, Mg, K, Ca, P, V, Pb, Fe, and As elements. The third principal component is mainly composed of Mn and Sb elements (Table 9). The first principal component, the second principal component, and the third principal component were used to analyze the contribution of the principal components of samples from different origins (Figure 3). The contribution scores of the principal components of samples from the same origin were concentrated, while the distribution of different origins is scattered. On the whole, rice samples from the north and south of China have a large difference in the contribution scores of the principal components which can be clearly distinguished. This result has certain guiding significance for the distinction of rice from different production places.

3.6. Cluster Analysis

The contents of multielements in rice from different areas were analyzed by cluster analysis. The samples were successfully divided into two categories (the north and south of China) and six subcategories (six rice-producing areas) by the method of intergroup connection (Figure 4). The results show that there were obvious differences in the contents of multielements in rice from different producing areas, and they had certain regional characteristics. Therefore, by measuring the multielement content of rice, it is possible to accurately classify the samples according to the place of origin and finally realize the traceability of the production place of the rice.

4. Conclusions

In this experiment, the ICP-MS/MS method was developed to determine the content of 30 elements in rice from different production areas. The determination mode and reaction gas conditions were optimized, and the optimal determination conditions were selected for each element in five determination modes of no gas, H₂, O₂, He, and NH₃/He. In addition, in situ mass spectrometry and mass transfer technology were used to eliminate the interference and reduce the detection limit. To achieve the determination of ultratrace elements, we established a complete detection method, which provided a method basis for rice origin traceability. Through the principal component analysis of the multielement content of 18 batches of samples from different origins, the distribution of the six principal components of the samples and the characteristic elements of each principal component were determined. Through cluster analysis, the samples were accurately classified according to the place of production based on the multielement content, which proved that there was a significant correlation between the content of multielement in rice and the place of production, providing technical support and research direction for the traceability of the origin of rice.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

YZ, QL, and YW conceived and designed the study. YW and LNL performed the experiments. YW and XXY wrote the paper. YZ, QL, JMM, and SFF reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Project no. 2018YFC1603400), State Administration for Market Regulation Special Technical Support Program (Project no. 2019YJ009), and Scientific Research Projects of Hebei Market Supervision and Administration Bureau (Project no. 2021ZC07).

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Copyright © 2021 Yan Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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