| |
Organism | Criteria |
Aggregation is defensive (not
for nest
protection) |
Is the
behaviour
cycloalexy? |
Reference | | 1 | 2 | 3 | | Circular formation | Best defended extremity at the periphery | Default rest position |
| | Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae | | | | | | | | Coelomera spp.; for example,
C. ruficornis Baly, 1865;
C. helenae Jolivet, 1987;
C. raquia Bechyně, 1956; and so forth | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes | [1, 5–8] | | Dircema spp. | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | None observed | [6, 7] |
| | Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Criocerinae | | | | | | | | Lema sp.;
Lema apicalis Lacordaire, 1845 and
L. reticulosa Clark, 1866 | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Figure 1(a)) [9, 10] | | Lilioceris nigropectoralis (Pic, 1928),
L. formosana Heinze, 1943 | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Figure 1(b)) [11] |
| | Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae | | | | | | | | Agrosteomela chinensis (Weise, 1922) | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | None observed | [11–13] | | Chrysophtharta obovata (Chapuis, 1877) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | [11, 14] | | Doryphora paykulli (Stål, 1859), D. reticulata Fabricius, 1787 | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Yes | Yes | No* | [15] | | Eugonycha melanostoma (Stål, 1859) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Not reported | Not reported | Tentatively | [7, 11] | | Gonioctena sibirica Kimoto, 1994 | Roughly | Unclear, mostly abdomens | Mostly | Unclear | Unclear | [11, 12, 16] | | Labidomera suturella Guérin-Méneville, 1838 | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | None observed | [11, 17–19] | | Paropsis spp.; for example,
P. aegrota Boisduval, 1835,
P. maculata (Marsham, 1908),
P. atomaria Olivier, 1807 and
P. tasmanica Baly, 1864 | Not circular | No, mixed extremities | No | Perhaps, unclear | No | [7, 11, 14, 20, 21] | | Paropsisterna spp. | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not enough information | [11, 12, 14, 20] | | Plagiodera spp. for example,
P. versicolora (Laicharting, 1781) | Not circular
| No, mixed extremities
| No
| No
| No
| [7, 22–25]
| | Phratora spp. | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | Not observed | None observed | [7, 11] | | Phyllocharis undulata (Linnaeus, 1763) | Roughly | Unclear, mostly abdomens | No | Not observed | No | [11, 26] | | Platyphora selva Daccordi, 1993,
P. microspina (Bechyně, 1954) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Yes | Yes | No* | [15, 27] | | Platyphora conviva (Stål, 1858),
P. anastomozans (Perty, 1832),
P. nigronotata (Stål, 1857),
P. nitidissima (Stål, 1857)
P. fasciatomaculata (Stål, 1857),
P. vinula (Stål, 1858) | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | [7, 9, 10, 28] | | Proseicela vittata (Fabricius, 1781),
P. bicruciata Jacoby, 1880,
P. spectabilis (Baly, 1858) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Yes | Yes | No* | (Figure 5(a)) [15] | | Proseicela crucigera (Sahlberg, 1823) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Not enough information | [7, 9] | | Pterodunga mirabile Daccordi, 2000 | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Not reported | Not reported | Not enough information | [11, 12, 19] |
| | Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae | | | | | | | | Acromis sparsa (Boheman, 1854) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes* | [7, 11, 29] | | Aspidomorpha puncticosta Boheman, 1854,
A. miliaris (Fabricius, 1775) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes | [7, 30–32] | | Chelymorpha informis Boheman, 1854,
C. alternans Boheman, 1854,
C. cribraria (Fabricius, 1875) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes | [7, 8] | | Cistudinella foveolata (Champion, 1894) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | (Figure 2(a)) | | Conchyloctenia punctata (Fabricius, 1787) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes | [7, 30, 33] | | Coptocycla dolosa Boheman, 1855 | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | (Figure 4) | | Eugenysa columbiana (Boheman, 1850),
E. coscaroni Viana, 1968 | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes* | (Figure 2(b)) [34, 35] | | Paraselenis flava (Linnaeus, 1758) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes* | [8] | | Nuzonia sp. | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Figure 2(c)) | | Ogdoecosta biannularis (Boheman, 1854) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes | [7, 11, 36] | | Omaspides tricolorata (Boheman, 1854),
O. pallidipennis (Boheman, 1854),
O. sobrina (Boheman, 1854),
O. bistriata (Boheman, 1854) and
O. convexicollis Spaeth, 1909 | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Yes | Yes* | [7, 11, 32, 35, 37–39] (D. Windsor’s observations) | | Physonota alutacea Boheman, 1854 | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | (Figure 2(d)) | | Polychalma multicava (Latreille, 1821) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | (Figure 2(e)) | | Stolas sp.,
Stolas xanthospila (Champion, 1893) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | (Figure 2(f)) [7] |
| | Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Hyperinae | | | | | | | | Phelypera distigma (Boheman, 1842) | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | [24, 40, 41] |
| | Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Forcipomyiinae | | | | | | | | Forcipomyia fuliginosa (Meigen, 1818) | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | [1, 11, 42–44] |
| | Hemiptera | | | | | | | | Not specified | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not enough information | [11, 12] | | Ceroplastes sp. (Coccidea),
Potnia sp. (Membracidae),
Nephesa rosea (Spinola, 1839) (Flatidae),
Derbe sp. (Derbidae) | Roughly to not circular | No, mixed extremities | No | Unclear | No | [11] | | Antiteuchus tripterus (Fabricius, 1787) (Pentatomidae) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | No | No | No | [45] | | Parastrachiajaponensis (Scott, 1880) (Parastrachiidae) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | No | No | No | [46] |
| | Hymenoptera: Tenthredinoidea | | | | | | | | Bergiana sp. (Cimbicidae) | Yes | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not enough information | [1] | | Perga dorsalis Leach, 1817, P. affinis Kirby, 1882 (Pergidae) | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Figure 3(a)) [7, 11, 12, 47, 48] | | Pseudoperga guerini (Westwood, 1880) (Pergidae) | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | [49] | | Themos olfersii (Klug, 1834) (Argidae) | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | Yes | Yes | [1, 50] | | Dielocerus diasi Smith, 1975 (Argidae) | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Unclear | Not enough information | [1, 50] |
| | Hymenoptera: other superfamilies | | | | | | | | Trigona sp. (Apidae: Meliponinae) | Yes | Yes, heads | No | No | No | [1, 7, 11, 51] | | Adult Hymenoptera, bees (Apidae), wasps (Vespidae),
Conomyrma spp. and numerous other ants (Formicidae) | Some circular, some not | Yes, usually heads | No | No | No | [11] | | Apoica sp. (Vespidae: Polistinae) | Yes | Yes, heads | Yes | No | No | [52–54] | | “Parasitic Hymenoptera larvae and pupae [on] their host” | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | No | No | No | [11] |
| | Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Papilioninae | | | | | | | | Papilio laglaizei Depuiset, 1877 | Yes | Unclear, heads | Yes | Not reported | Tentatively | [24, 55] |
| | Lepidoptera: Saturniidae | | | | | | | | Hylesia spp. (Hemileucinae) | Unclear | Not reported | Yes | Probably | Not enough information | [7] | | Lonomia spp. (Hemileucinae) | Yes | Probably, heads | Yes | Probably | Probably | (Figure 3(b)) [11, 56, 57] | | Arsenura spp. (Arsenurinae) | Not circular | No, mixed extremities | Yes | Probably not | No | [1, 11]. |
| | Lepidoptera: other families | | | | | | | | Noctuidae and Sphingidae | Not circular | No, mixed extremities | Not reported | Probably not | No | [11] |
| | Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae | | | | | | | | Ascaloptynx furciger (McLachlan, 1891) | Yes, around twig | No, mixed extremities | No | Yes | No | [1, 11, 12, 58] |
| | Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae | | | | | | | | Anactinothrips nigricornis Hood, 1936 and
A. gustaviae Mound & Palmer, 1983 | Yes | Yes, abdomens | Yes | Probably | Yes | (Figure 5(b)) [59] |
| | Non-insect arthropods | | | | | | | | Phronima sedentaria (Forskål, 1775) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) | Yes | Unclear, heads? | Yes | No | No* | [24, 60, 61] | | Platydesmidae, Unidentified sp. (Myriapoda) | Yes | Unclear, abdomens | Not reported | Not reported | Tentatively analogous | [24, 62] |
| | Vertebrates | | | | | | | | Some ungulates, for example, Muskoxen Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780) | Yes | Yes, heads | No | Yes | No | [1, 11, 12] | | Antarctic penguins | Yes | Unclear, backs | Yes | No | No | [12, 63] |
|
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