This paper includes the laboratory and experimental methodology used to compare the effect of using mineral, semi-synthetic, and synthetic engine oil on the parts wear of a four-stroke gasoline internal composition engine (ICE). Three test platforms included three engines with identical, technical, and design specifications. They were operated under the same investment, ambient, and climatic conditions. The first engine was equipped with synthetic oil, the second with semi-synthetic oil, and the third with mineral engine oil. All of them had (SAE10W40 API: SL/CF). All test platforms were operated through three stages with variable loads for up to 1,500 operating hours (hr). Oil drain intervals (ODI) were every 100 operating hours. Used oil samples were taken to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of viscosity, total base number TBN, flash point, metals wear Irion (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and wear index (WI) to investigate the effect of all oils on the wear of engine parts and by comparing the changes in wear. The used oil analysis (UOA) results were drawn that showed the superiority of the use of synthetic oil over semi-synthetic and mineral. It prolonged the technical engine’s lifetime.

Mohammad Maher Kallas

Mohammad Saed Al Sabek

Younes Saoud

Experimental Comparison of the Effect of Using Synthetic, Semi-Synthetic, and Mineral Engine Oil on Gasoline Engine Parts Wear

Automobile engines require lubrication to lessen the impact of friction due to the high levels of wear and frictional heat generated by the sliding parts. Wear and friction will cause engine parts to endure for less time, be less reliable, and require more maintenance. Diesel fuel can potentially be replaced with biodiesel among other fuels. Diesel engines have a serious problem with equipment that is lubricated by the fuel itself. This study’s goal is to assess the influence of bio-additives on the diesel fuel tribological behavior and energy balance during the car’s idle running, acceleration, constant speed, and braking. Lubricity issues with reformulated diesel and lubricity test procedures are explained. The relationship between tribology and bio-additives is also briefly illustrated. According to the literature, adding bio-additives to fuel boosts its lubricity. Biodiesel has long been considered an additive with excellent lubricant properties. Even in small amounts, adding biodiesel to diesel fuel can increase its lubricity without the need for conventional lubricity additives. This is especially true for diesel fuel with ultralow sulfur. Diesel fuel characteristics determine the precise blending percentage needed to provide the proper lubricity of maximum 520 μm testing wear scars with a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR), although 2% biodiesel nearly invariably imparts adequate lubricity to biodiesel blends. Tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) was one of the bio-additives investigated by HFRR. When the additive concentration was raised from 0 to 500 g/g, the wear scar diameter (WSD) of nonadditive diesel fuel was lowered by 60.3%, from 630 to 250 μm, and the coefficient of friction (COF) was lowered by 95.7%, from 0.47 to 0.02.

Hailegebrel Zewdie

Getachew Shunki Tibba

Dinku Seyoum Zeleke

Varatharaju Perumal

Pedro Dionisio Remedios Castañeiras

A Review on the Impact of Bio-Additives on Tribological Behavior of Diesel Fuels

The increased demand for wear-resistant and low-weight components in the automobile industry has led to the utilization of aluminum metal matrix composite parts due to their improved performance. The current work focused on optimizing the tribological factors such as applied load, rotational speed, and percentage weight fraction of the reinforcing particles for minimum dry sliding wear rate of Al6061/nano-Al2O3/quartz hybrid composite fabricated by stir casting. The optimization is performed by using the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array experimental plan, and the result is analyzed by the help of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result of the optimization reveals that the optimum levels of factors for the minimum wear rate are 10 N, 200 rpm, and 12.5%. Furthermore, the ANOVA result depicts that the applied load has the highest impact (87.83%) on the wear rate, followed by rotational speed (10.06%) and percentage weight fraction of the reinforcement (1.60%). The developed linear regression model reveals that the applied load and the rotational speed have a positive relation with the sliding wear rate. However, the percentage weight fraction of the reinforcement has a negative relation. The confirmation test proves that the predicted value of wear rate using the regression equation at optimum levels has a closer agreement with the experimental result having a 6.934% error. Furthermore, the physical property test reveals that the rise in the weight percentage of quartz particles results in a corresponding increase in the percentage porosity of the hybrid composite.

Dagim Tirfe

Abraham Debebe Woldeyohannes

Bonsa Regassa Hunde

Temesgen Batu

Eaba Geleta

Optimizing the Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Stir-Casted Al6061/Nano-Al2O3/Quartz Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Taguchi Method

Cavitation in hydro turbines causes component deterioration that requires continuous and costly maintenance in the hydroelectric power generation stations. The Tarbela Dam Hydel Project (TDHP) in Pakistan is facing a cavitation problem in the Francis Turbine components, such as the runner and draft tube. Simulation work has been performed to examine and quantify the cavitation rate as a function of the suction head (SH) and flow velocity (FV) by utilizing a homogeneous cavitation model. The result shows that pressure fluctuation is maximum for overcrowded conditions and minimum for rated load conditions. Moreover, a higher cavitation rate is found for the part and overcrowded conditions compared to the rated load condition. Additionally, the cavitation rate becomes 50% higher when the SH increases from 5.54 to 12.34 m. Moreover, SEM results have verified the CFD results that higher FV and SH enhance the cavitation rate. Furthermore, the numerical work is validated by simplified hydrofoil geometry. The computational fluid dynamics results presented a good arrangement with the experimental data.

Adnan Aslam Noon

Aamer Sharif

Melkamu Tadesse Getachew

Riaz Muhammad

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Cavitation Assessment for Runner Blades in a Francis Turbine

The subject of modeling and predicting roughness parameters in hard machining has been discussed in many literature sources. However, most of these sources cover only the amplitude parameters such as Ra and Rz, leaving it unexplored to the right extent compared to its importance the roughness parameter bearing ratio curve (the Abbott–Firestone curve) which is essential in understanding the actual contact area of mating surfaces. To bridge this gap, this research has developed a mathematical model using the design of experiments method through investigation of the effect of process parameters in hard turning of Steel C55 (DIN) with mixed ceramics MC2 (Al2O3 + TiC). The model predicts the bearing ratio curve parameter Rmr (50% Rz), statistically processed using CADEX and Matlab. The research includes the ANOVA as a complementary tool in validating the generated mathematical model. The research analyzes the effects of material properties, cutting forces, and tool geometry as factors that affect the machining process. Additionally, it emphasizes the robustness of hard turning in consistently producing waviness patterns. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the predictable effects of parameters on machined surfaces, which contributes to a better understanding of surface finish in metalworking.

Mevludin Shabani

Mite Tomov

Mathematical Modeling of the Bearing Ratio Curve Rmr (50% Rz), through Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters in Hard Turning of Steel C55 (DIN) with Mixed Ceramics MC2 (Al2O3 + TiC)

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Advances in Tribology publishes papers on the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. Topics covered include investigations into contact mechanics, wear and damage processes, surface and coating engineering, and lubrication technology.

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Advances in Tribology - Table of contents 2024

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Advances in Tribology publishes papers on the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. Topics covered include investigations into contact mechanics, wear and damage processes, surface and coating engineering, and lubrication technology.

Advances in Tribology