miR-876 Inhibits EMT and Liver Fibrosis via POSTN to Suppress Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Chen, Kai; Li, Zhonghu; Zhang, Mengyun; Wang, Bo; Peng, Tao; Shen, Yanbing; Zhang, Jianxin; Ye, Jiaxin; Liu, Yu; Tang, Di; Peng, Minjie; Ma, Dandan; Xiao, Zhengkang; Zhang, Yujun; Jin, Weidong; Li, Xiaowu

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1964219

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Abbreviations Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article Erratum

!

An Erratum for this article has been published. To view the article details, please click the ‘Erratum’ tab above.

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 1964219 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1964219

miR-876 Inhibits EMT and Liver Fibrosis via POSTN to Suppress Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Kai Chen,^1,2Zhonghu Li,³Mengyun Zhang,⁴Bo Wang,³Tao Peng,⁵Yanbing Shen,³Jianxin Zhang,³Jiaxin Ye,³Yu Liu,²Di Tang,³Minjie Peng,⁶and Dandan Ma³ et al.

Academic Editor: Yujiang Fang

Received05 Mar 2020

Revised19 Jul 2020

Accepted14 Aug 2020

Published06 Oct 2020

Abstract

Background. The asymptomatic onset, frequent recurrence, and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prompted us to identify new therapeutic targets or predictive markers of HCC diagnosis or prognosis. Methods. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to screen for target miRNAs from the open-access TCGA database. Transwell assays, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR analyses were used to detect cellular functions and gene expression in HCC cells and samples. A nude mouse tumorigenesis model was established to facilitate the observation of HCC progression. Other assays included luciferase reporter assays, IHC, and survival analysis. Results. We found that the identified miR-876 from TCGA was expressed at low levels in HCC cell lines and that low miR-876 expression was corrected with liver cirrhosis, tumor thrombus, and TNM stage. Further research revealed that miR-876 regulated cell invasion, EMT, and collagen expression by targeting POSTN expression. miR-876 and POSTN were inversely correlated in HCC samples and associated with EMT status and liver fibrosis in clinical HCC tissues. miR-876 inhibited the liver cancer progression in in vivo animal assays. Finally, both miR-876 and POSTN were risk factors for HCC survival, and HCC patients with combined low miR-876 and high POSTN expression had worse prognosis. Conclusions. miR-876 inhibited HCC EMT and fibrosis by targeting POSTN, thus affecting HCC progression and prognosis. miR-876 and POSTN may be useful therapeutic targets or prognostic markers of HCC.

1. Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and ranks as the second most deadly cancer worldwide [1]. Over the last several decades, numerous interventional therapies, such as hepatic segmentectomy, liver transplantation, transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and radiofrequency ablation, have made great progress, yet patient prognosis is far from satisfactory, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% [2, 3]. Asymptomatic onset, rapid tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence are the main reasons for the poor prognosis [4, 5]. Thus, elucidating the molecular processes and mechanisms underlying tumor progression and developing novel diagnostic or curative treatments are essential for the systematic treatment of HCC.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small noncoding RNAs that are composed of ~22 nucleotides and can bind to the 3 untranslated regions (3 UTRs) of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to either degrade the target gene or inhibit its translation, thus providing posttranscriptional regulation [6, 7]. Studies indicate that miRNAs participate in nearly all processes of tumor biology, including tumor stemness, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis [8]. Emerging studies have also shown that aberrant miRNA expression is involved in various biological behaviors of tumors, including HCC [9, 10]. For instance, miR-876 was downregulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and inhibited cell growth and apoptosis by suppressing BCL-XL expression [11]. On the other hand, miR-876 was found to inhibit both cell proliferation and metastasis via targeting DNMT3A [12]. However, the identification of key diagnostic and prognostic miRNAs and elucidating the exact underlying molecular mechanism are urgently needed in HCC.

Periostin (POSTN), also known as osteoblast-specific factor 2, is a 93.3 kDa extracellular matrix (ECM) protein [13]. POSTN plays an important role in ECM remodeling by interacting with other proteins, such as fibronectin, tenascin-C, and collagen [14]. It also has essential effects on collagen fibrillogenesis, cell adhesion, wound healing, and EMT [15]. Aberrant POSTN expression has been found in multitude tumor entities, including head and neck, lung, neuroblastoma, breast, and colorectal cancers and HCC, for its roles in cell survival, EMT, angiogenesis, and tumor microenvironment construction [13, 14, 16]. For example, pancreatic cancer cells stimulate stromal cells to secrete POSTN, which induces tumor desmoplasia and EMT to promote tumor progression [17]. However, studies of the expression and regulatory mechanism of POSTN in HCC are relatively rare and urgently needed.

In this study, we identified miR-876 from the open-access, public TCGA database, and the cellular functions and regulation of POSTN were determined. Detailed expression levels of miR-876 and POSTN in clinical HCC samples were detected. Our results indicated that miR-876 and POSTN play a valuable role in HCC and may provide a potential diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for HCC.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Culture and Transfection

The HCC cell line Hep G2, human normal hepatocyte cell line (L02), and HEK-293 were purchased from ATCC; HCC cell lines SMMC-7721, Huh-7, and HCC-LM3 and human astrocyte cell line LX-2 were purchased from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). HCC cells and HEK-293 were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, USA) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.

Cell transfections were carried out as described previously [18]. Briefly, for lentivirus transduction, 10⁵ HCC cells were incubated in a 6-well plate with 2 ml of medium containing 100 μl (10⁷ U) of lentivirus particles and 5 μg/ml polybrene for 24 h. Plasmid and siRNA transfections were performed using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. miRNA mimics or scramble control RNAs (RiboBio, China) were transfected into cells at a final concentration of 100 nM using a riboFECTTM CP Kit (RiboBio, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.2. Bioinformatics Analysis

Hepatocellular carcinoma miRNA chip analysis primary data were accessed at The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public database (http://www.cancergenome.nih.gov/dataportal). The HCC miRNA expression data were downloaded using the SangerBox software (http://sangerbox.com). TCGA ID is listed in Table S1. miRNA expression data from a total of 49 pairs of tumors and the matched adjacent tissues were analyzed, and the top 20 differentially expressed miRNAs are presented in Table 1.

2.3. Cell Invasion Assay

HCC cells in 300 μl of serum-free medium were cultured in a chamber containing an 8 μm polycarbonate filter (Millipore, USA) coated with 30 μl of Matrigel (BD, USA), After incubating for 36 h, cells remaining on the upper membrane were removed with a cotton swab and cells that had penetrated the membrane were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and then stained with 0.5% crystal violet for 20 min. All the statistical results were obtained from three independent experiments averaged from five randomly selected image fields.

2.4. RNA Isolation and qRT-PCR Analysis

Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) according to the instructions provided. First-strand cDNA was generated with a PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, Japan), and miRNA reverse transcription was performed using a Mir-X miRNA qRT-PCR SYBR Kit (Clontech, Japan). Real-time PCR was performed using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit and SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa, Japan) on a CFX96 Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, USA) with the reaction conditions provided in the instructions. The primer details used in the study were included in Table S2. Additionally, the common miRNA mRQ 3 primer was provided in the Mir-X miRNA qRT-PCR SYBR Kit (Clontech, Japan).

2.5. Western Blot Analysis

Total protein of HCC cells was extracted by RIPA lysis buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) containing protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (Roche, USA). After measured by a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime, China), equal amounts of protein (30 μg) were used to SDS-PAGE on 10% polyacrylamide gels and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, USA), which were blocked and blotted with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The antibodies used in this study included the following: anti-E-cadherin (1 : 800, 20874-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), anti-N-cadherin (1 : 500, 22018-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), anti-vimentin (1 : 1000, 10366-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), anti-α-SMA (1 : 1000, ab124964, Abcam, USA), anti-collagen-I (1 : 1000, 14695-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), anti-POSTN (1 : 800, PA5-34641, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), and anti-β-actin (1 : 5000, 20536-1-AP, Proteintech, USA). The membranes were washed with PBST and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody for 2 h, and the immunocomplexes were then visualized using a New Super ECL Detection Kit (KeyGEN BioTECH, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

2.6. HCC Patients and Clinical Samples

A total of 127 patients underwent surgical resection of primary, pathologically confirmed HCC at the Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, from January 2006 to January 2010. All patients were confirmed to have HCC by ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced CT, or MRI examination and a blood test for AFP. For the clinical characteristics of these patients, please refer to Table 2. A total of 127 fresh frozen tissues were used for RNA isolation; fresh tissues were put into liquid nitrogen immediately after tumor excision and then transferred to -80°C for future use. 80 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were used for immunohistochemistry (IHC), and 127 frozen tumor specimens were used for RNA extraction. All of the patients were followed at least for 5 years. All patients were followed up by radiography, ultrasonography, or CT examination every 3 months after discharge and were followed up monthly by telephone in the clinical follow-up center of the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Southwest Hospital, and all patients provided written informed consent.

2.7. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay

HEK-293 cells were cultured in a white 96-well plate and then transfected with pGL3 POSTN or pGL3 mut-POSTN plasmid (Sangon Biotech, China) and 8 ng of the internal control pRL-TK Renilla luciferase plasmid (Promega, USA), together with miR-876 (RiboBio, China) at a final concentration of 0, 50, or 150 nM. After a 48 h incubation, the cells were harvested and processed with the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (E1910, Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The results were quantified as the ratio of firefly luciferase activity/Renilla luciferase activity in each well.

2.8. Animal Experiment

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China. Briefly, Four- to six-week-old male randomly selected athymic nude mice were obtained from Southwest Hospital (Chongqing, China) and housed in the standard pathogen-free conditions of Southwest Hospital (Chongqing, China). The mice were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 1% pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg). A median abdominal incision was made to expose the liver, and PDAC cells (suspended in 50 μl of PBS and Matrigel matrix in case of leakage) were injected to the liver. After closing the abdomen, the mice were imaged by the IVIS Lumina II system (Caliper Life Sciences, USA).

2.9. Immunohistochemistry

A total of 80 HCC specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 3-micrometer serial sections. The slides were deparaffinized, treated with 10% goat serum to block endogenous peroxidase activity, and heated in 10 mM citrate buffer at 120°C for 2 min and 10 sec for antigen retrieval. Each section was incubated with the following primary antibodies at 4°C overnight: anti-E-cadherin (1 : 200, 20874-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), anti-N-cadherin (1 : 200, 22018-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), anti-vimentin (1 : 200, 10366-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), and anti-POSTN (1 : 400, PA5-34641, Thermo Fisher Scientific USA). Then, the samples were incubated with a secondary peroxidase-conjugated antibody for 60 min at 37°C and then developed with DAB (Dako, 00080066).

The procedures of IHC score were carried out as described previously [19]. Briefly, ten random fields were selected, and expression was evaluated in 1000 tumor cells (100 cells per field) with an image analyzer (MetaMorph Imaging System version 6.0); then, the slides were scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 if the percentages of positive cells were less than 5%, 6-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, and 76-100%, respectively. The staining intensity of each antibody was scored as 0, 1, 2, and 3 according to the intensity of positive staining color. Then, the final score was evaluated by the multiplications of the scores of positive cells and intensity of positive staining: 1+ (multiplication 1-4), 2+ (multiplication 5-8), and 3+ (multiplication 9-12). The immunohistochemical scores were further grouped into the following two categories: low (grade 0 or 1+) or high (grade 2+ or 3+).

2.10. Statistical Analysis

The correlation between clinical categorical parameters and miR-876 or POSTN expression (the median was regarded as the cutoff value) was evaluated by a test. Student’s -test was used to compare group differences if they followed a normal distribution; otherwise, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was adopted. One-way ANOVA was applied to compare the differences among 3 groups. For survival analysis, univariate analysis was conducted by the KM method (the log-rank test), and multivariate analysis was performed by the stepwise Cox multivariate proportional hazard regression model (Forward LR, likelihood ratio). All the in vitro experiments were replicated three times. All analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software (IBM, USA), all the tests are two-sided, and a value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. The Identified miR-876 Was Expressed at Low Levels in HCC Cell Lines

To explore the potential tumor-related key miRNAs in HCC, we analyzed the miRNA expression data of 49 pairs of tumors and matched adjacent tissues in TCGA public database. As shown in Table 1, the top 20 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs are presented. We mainly focused on the tumor suppressor miRNAs, and the top 6 differentially expressed suppressor miRNAs in Table 1 were miR-4482, miR-4720, miR-490, miR-4648, miR-7849, and miR-876. Of these, we only focused on miR-490 and miR-876 since the rest of the miRNAs mentioned above have barely been reported in any study. We found that both miR-490 and miR-876 were expressed at significantly low levels in SMMC-7721 cells compared with L02 cells, a normal liver cell line, but miR-876 was expressed at lower levels than miR-490 in SMMC-7721 cells (Figure 1(a)). Thus, miR-876 was chosen for further investigation in this study. Further detection revealed that miR-876 was notably expressed at high levels in L02 cells but decreased in all tumor cells, of which, its expression was the highest in SMMC-7721 and lowest in HCC-LM3 cells (Figure 1(b)); therefore, the SMMC-7721 and HCC-LM3 cell lines were chosen for further experiments. Thus, we identified miR-876 from TCGA database and found that it was expressed at low levels in HCC cells.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 1

The identified miR-876 was low in HCC. (a) The expressions of miR-490 or miR-876 were detected in indicated cells by qRT-PCR. (b) The expression of miR-876 was detected in different HCC cells by qRT-PCR. (c) The expression of miR-876 was detected in 50 pairs of HCC and their corresponding nontumor samples. : tumor; : nontumor. (d) The percentage of differentially expressed miR-876 in 50 pairs of HCC samples. (e) The expression of miR-876 was detected in HCC samples with or without tumor thrombus. (f) The expression of miR-876 was detected in HCC samples with or without liver cirrhosis.

3.2. miR-876 Expression Was Correlated with Clinicopathological Characteristics

We next studied miR-876 expression in clinical HCC tissues, and 50 pairs of HCC tumor and peritumoral tissues were collected for miR-876 detection. As shown in Figures 1(c) and 1(d), miR-876 expression was significantly high in only 11 and low in 31 pairs of samples, and the remaining 8 pairs of samples had similar miR-876 levels. Therefore, we further examined miR-876 expression in 127 HCC samples, and chi-squared analysis revealed that the miR-876 expression level was significantly correlated with liver cirrhosis, tumor thrombus, and TNM stage but was not associated with other parameters such as age, gender, or differentiation (Table 2). To confirm the results, a nonparametric test of liver cirrhosis or tumor thrombus was applied and showed similar results (Figures 1(e) and 1(f)). The results above suggest that miR-876 may play an important role in tumor invasion or liver cirrhosis.

3.3. miR-876 Regulated Cell Invasion, EMT, and Collagen Expression

We next examined the cellular functions of miR-876 in HCC cells. miR-876 was upregulated in HCC-LM3 cells and downregulated in SMMC-7721 cells by miR-876 pEX-3 plasmids, and the effectiveness was confirmed by qRT-PCR (Figure 2(a)). Transwell assays revealed that miR-876 upregulation inhibited cell invasion in HCC-LM3 cells, whereas miR-876 downregulation enhanced invasion in SMMC-7721 cells (Figures 2(b)–2(e)). However, miR-876 did not affect the proliferation or apoptosis in HCC cells (data not shown). EMT is a biological process during which epithelial cells lose their epithelial features and acquire mesenchymal features and invasive or metastatic abilities. Therefore, we hypothesized that miR-876 affects invasion via EMT. Western blot (WB) analysis demonstrated that miR-876 overexpression increased E-cadherin expression and decreased N-cadherin and vimentin expression in HCC-LM3 cells, while miR-876 downregulation increased EMT progression in SMMC-7721 cells (Figures 2(f), 2(g), and 2(i)). To verify the role of miR-876 in liver fibrosis, we tested the effects of miR-876 on collagen or α-SMA in LX-2 cells. WB results showed that miR-876 inhibition increased the expression of collagen-I or α-SMA (Figures 2(g)–2(i)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

Figure 2

miR-876 regulated cell invasion, EMT, and collagen expression. (a) The expression of miR-876 was detected in indicated treated HCC cells. (b–f) The invasion abilities of indicated treated HCC-LM3 (b, c) or SMMC-7721 (d, e) cells measured by transwell assays. . (f) The protein level of E-cadherin was measured by WB assays in indicated treated SMMC-7721 cells. (g) The protein levels of N-cadherin or vimentin were measured by WB assays in indicated treated HCC-LM3 cells. (h) The protein levels of α-SMA or collagen-I were measured by WB assays in indicated treated LX-2 cells. (i) The results from Western blot assays of (f–h).

3.4. miR-876 Targeted POSTN and Inhibited Its Expression

Previous studies have reported that POSTN activates EMT in other tumors [20, 21], and bioinformatics (miRanda) analysis revealed that POSTN has two potential binding sites with miR-876 (Figure 3(a)), thus further confirming the hypothesis. The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that the pGL3 POSTN+miR-876 group had significantly lower relative luciferase activity compared to the MUT group (Figures 3(b) and 3(c)), suggesting that miR-876 may regulate POSTN. WB analysis revealed that POSTN expression was decreased in miR-876-overexpressing cells, and its expression was increased when miR-876 was inhibited in SMMC-7721 cells (Figures 3(d) and 3(e)), and qRT-PCR showed similar results (Figure 3(f)). We further confirmed the results in clinical HCC samples, and we found that miR-876 was significantly inversely correlated with POSTN, with a correlation coefficient of -0.477 (Figure 3(g)). The above results suggest that miR-876 targets POSTN and inhibits its expression.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Figure 3

miR-876 regulates the expression of POSTN. (a) The prediction for miR-876 binding sites on POSTN transcript. (b) Schematic outlining the wild-type and mut-POSTN luciferase plasmid. (c) Luciferase activity in HEK-293 cells cotransfected with indicated miR-876 concentration or indicated POSTN luciferase reporter transcript. Data are showed as the ratio of firefly activity to Renilla luciferase activity. (d, e) The protein level of POSTN was measured by WB assays in indicated treated SMMC-7721 or HCC-LM3 cells. (f) The mRNA expression of POSTN was detected in indicated treated SMMC-7721 or HCC-LM3 cells by qRT-PCR. (g) The correlation analysis of POSTN and miR-876 in 127 tissues of HCC patients.

3.5. miR-876 Inhibited EMT and Collagen via POSTN

We next wondered whether miR-876 functions via POSTN. Transwell assays showed that knockdown of miR-876 increased the number of invasive cells, and the effect was blocked by further POSTN silencing in SMMC-7721 cells (Figure 4(a)). Similar results were found in HCC-LM3 cells (Figure 4(b)). Furthermore, WB results showed that silencing miR-876 enhanced the EMT: the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin were increased but E-cadherin was decreased, whereas the induction was inhibited by further POSTN knockdown (Figures 4(c), 4(d), and 4(f)). Similarly, collagen-I and α-SMA were upregulated by miRNA knockdown and blocked by silencing POSTN in LX-2 cells, as shown in Figures 4(e) and 4(f). Thus, the results above suggest that miR-876 inhibits EMT and collagen via POSTN.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 4

miR-876 inhibited EMT and collagen via POSTN. (a, b) The invasion abilities of indicated treated SMMC-7721 (a) or HCC-LM3 (b) cells measured by transwell assays. . (c) The protein level of E-cadherin was measured by WB assays in indicated treated SMMC-7721 cells. (d) The protein levels of N-cadherin or vimentin were measured by WB assays in indicated treated HCC-LM3 cells. (e) The protein levels of α-SMA or collagen-I were measured by WB assays in indicated treated LX-2 cells. (f) The results from Western blot assays of (c–e).

3.6. miR-876 Promotes Tumor Progression In Vivo

We next studied the role of miR-876 in in vivo conditions. HCC-LM3 NC cells (NC) or stable miR-876-overexpressing HCC-LM3 cells were intracapsular injected into the liver of nude mice. The liver cancer of each mouse was analyzed every week by a luciferase IVIS system (Figures 5(a)–5(c)). The in vivo imaging results showed that the luciferase intensity of the ov miR-876 group was significantly lower than that of the NC group (Figures 5(a)–5(c)). A month later, the pathological examination results showed that the liver cancer lesions of the ov miR-876 group were obviously much less and smaller than those of the NC group (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

Figure 5

POSTN was associated with EMT and liver cirrhosis in clinical HCC tissues. (a–c) Animal experiments, the luciferase intensities were measured each week (c) after intracapsular injection with NC (a) or ov miR-876 (b) HCC-LM3 cells in the liver, liver cancer in situ (the red arrows point to), were showed by autopsy (a, b). (d) The expression of POSTN was detected in HCC samples with or without tumor thrombus. (e) The expression of POSTN was detected in HCC samples with or without liver cirrhosis. (f–i) Immunohistochemical staining of POSTN and EMT markers in HCC tissues; representative images of POSTN (f), E-cadherin (g), N-cadherin (h), or vimentin (i) immunostaining of low or high, respectively. (j) Representative image of POSTN immunostaining in HCC with liver cirrhosis tissue.

3.7. POSTN Was Associated with EMT and Liver Cirrhosis in Clinical HCC Tissues

We next confirmed the functions of POSTN in clinical HCC samples. First, we examined POSTN expression by qRT-PCR in 127 samples. As shown in Table 3, the chi-squared analysis revealed that POSTN overexpression was associated with tumor number, liver cirrhosis, tumor thrombus, and TNM stage. A subsequent nonparametric test also showed similar results for liver cirrhosis and tumor thrombus. Furthermore, we wanted to study POSTN expression at the protein level. We detected POSTN expression by IHC in 80 HCC samples. As shown in Figures 5(f)–5(i) and Table 4, POSTN was significantly correlated with N-cadherin and vimentin but inversely associated with E-cadherin. In addition, we found that HCC patients with liver cirrhosis expressed high POSTN (Figure 5(j)).

3.8. Coexpression of miR-876 and POSTN May Be a Useful Factor for HCC Survival

We next studied the association of miR-876 and POSTN expression with HCC survival. Univariate analysis showed that tumor size, liver cirrhosis, tumor thrombus, TNM stage, miR-876, and POSTN expression are risk factors for HCC overall survival, and KM survival analysis indicated that HCC patients with low miR-876 expression or high POSTN expression had significantly low survival rates (Figures 6(a) and 6(b)). Further multivariate analysis revealed that tumor thrombus and POSTN expression are independent risk factors for survival (Table 5). Furthermore, when we combined miR-876 and POSTN together, patients with miR-876 low and POSTN high expression had a lower overall survival rate than patients analyzed for POSTN alone (Figure 6(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

In this study, we screened out miR-876 from TCGA database and confirmed its low expression in HCC cells and samples. Further study revealed that miR-876 regulates EMT and fibrosis via POSTN, thus promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. Finally, we found that aberrant miR-876 or POSTN expression was significantly correlated with HCC prognosis.

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that dysregulated miRNAs have substantial roles in the carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis of HCC and may serve as meaningful diagnostic or prognostic markers in the clinic [22, 23]. Some miRNAs, such as miR-224 [24], miR-429 [25], miR-17 [26], miR-148a [27], miR-517a [10], and miR-552 [3], act as tumor promoters and are highly expressed in HCC while other miRNAs, such as miR-34a [28], miR-139 [29], miR-135a [30], miR-610 [31], miR-612 [32], and miR-375 [33], are considered tumor suppressors. We screened 49 pairs of tumors and their peritumoral controls in TCGA database and found that miR-876 was expressed at low levels in HCC samples. Furthermore, we tested miR-876 expression in HCC cells and clinical tissues and confirmed its antitumor roles in HCC. Our results are consistent with numerous studies of miR-876 in other tumors, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, and gastric cancer [34–38]. The roles of miR-876 seem to be diverse in different kinds of tumors. For example, in HCC, miR-876 was reported to affect cell viability and morphology [12]. In gastric cancer, it was revealed to regulate cell apoptosis or proliferation, and in glioma and lung cancer, it suppressed EMT transition [38]. In our study, we found that miR-876 inhibited cell invasion, EMT, and fibrosis, which were somewhat different from other studies. To confirm the results, we first determined the role of miR-876 in an HSC cell line and found that its knockout activated the expression of α-SMA and collagen-I in LX-2 cells. We also found that miR-876 expression was correlated with liver cirrhosis. These data imply that miR-876 serves as a tumor suppressor and is a promising predictor of prognosis in HCC.

Our results in this study also suggest that POSTN may be a potential biomarker for HCC invasion or metastasis. Contrary to miR-876, POSTN was increased in HCC tumor cells and clinical tissues. First, we found that the expression of POSTN was higher in HCC-LM3 cells, a tumor cell line with strong metastatic potential, compared to SMMC-7721 cells. Second, the expression of POSTN was significantly inversely correlated with miR-876 expression, which was low in HCC tissues. Finally, survival analysis revealed that patients with high POSTN expression had low overall survival rates. Moreover, although POSTN was viewed as an oncogene in the majority of tumors, numerous studies reported that POSTN was only expressed in stroma, not in solid tumor cells in some tumors. For example, as a tumor promoter, POSTN was only overexpressed in the stroma of prostate cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and colorectal cancer [13, 14]. To confirm the expression and distribution of POSTN in HCC, we further detected the protein level of POSTN by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that POSTN was expressed in both hepatocytes and stroma. However, HCC stroma seems to express higher POSTN than substantial tissue. Our results are consistent with some previous studies of HCC [16, 39]. These data indicated that, apart from its roles in EMT confirmed in this study and plenty of other reports, POSTN may have other roles related to ECM. As expected, we found that POSTN also affected liver cirrhosis. Our data indicated that POSTN promoted the expression of matrix proteins such as α-SMA and collagen in hepatic stellate cells, and the clinical correlation analysis revealed that high POSTN was associated with liver cirrhosis. The IHC results also showed that POSTN was strongly expressed in stroma and fibrotic tissues. Our investigation suggests that POSTN may facilitate tumor progression in multiple ways.

Interestingly, we found that both miR-876 and POSTN were correlated with EMT, fibrosis thrombus, and HCC invasion and metastasis. Nevertheless, whether EMT or fibrosis or EMT combined with fibrosis contributes to tumor metastasis appears to be complicated. A large number of studies have investigated and confirmed that the EMT process participates in tumor progression via the transformation into mesenchymal cells with invasive and metastatic potential [40]. Studies discussing the relationship between liver fibrosis and tumor metastasis are relatively rare. Tumor metastasis is a rather complex process with many theoretical hypotheses, with the “seed and soil” hypothesis among the most popular theories [41]. According to this theory, something in the microenvironment of the metastatic sites must support metastatic colonization to form this specific microenvironment. Indeed, disruption of ECM homeostasis is thought to provide the main extrinsic drivers of tumor progression [42]. Fibrosis is a common disruption of the delicate balance of ECM homeostasis [43]. For example, studies have shown that fibrotic disorders of the lung or breast lead to tumor progression [44, 45]. Thus, tumors may appropriate sites of future metastasis before their arrival in a manner that resembles the development of tissue fibrosis. In this study, we found that miR-876 and POSTN are also associated with liver fibrosis, and overexpression of POSTN increased the expression of collagen and α-SMA. This finding is consistent with other previous studies. For example, Kumar et al. [46] found that POSTN induced liver fibrogenesis by activating lysyl oxidase, and Amara et al. [47] reported that POSTN mediated collagen deposition in the liver. Interestingly, we also found that miR-876 or POSTN was closely correlated to tumor thrombus, which arises from the vascular invasion and is an important biological feature of HCC [48]. Tumor thrombus is a special type of intrahepatic metastasis of HCC [49] and is one of the main reasons for the poor prognosis of HCC. Therefore, we hypothesized that miR-876 and POSTN may enhance the invasion of tumor cells in situ via EMT and disrupt ECM homeostasis via fibrogenesis to form a favorable metastatic microenvironment, thus inducing tumor progression and poor prognosis.

5. Conclusions

In summary, this study identified miR-876 as an important miRNA in HCC and demonstrated that miR-876 inhibited cell invasion and fibrosis by negatively regulating POSTN. Further research revealed that miR-876 and POSTN were inversely correlated in HCC samples and associated with EMT, liver cirrhosis, and tumor invasion. miR-876 and POSTN may be potential therapeutic targets of HCC.

Abbreviations

HCC:	Hepatocellular carcinoma
miRNA:	microRNA
3 UTR:	3 untranslated region
CCA:	Cholangiocarcinoma
POSTN:	Periostin
ECM:	Extracellular matrix
IHC:	Immunohistochemistry
TCGA:	The Cancer Genome Atlas.

Data Availability

Research data of the paper is not applicable as the clinical data include legal and ethical concerns.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

Kai Chen, Zhonghu Li, Mengyun Zhang, and Bo Wang contributed equally to this study.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China under Grant 81902501.

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: sample IDs used in the study from TCGA database. Table S2: primer sequences used in this study. (Supplementary Materials)

References

J. Li, C. Y. J. Sung, N. Lee et al., “Probiotics modulated gut microbiota suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. E1306–E1315, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Chen, L. Wu, J. Tu et al., “miR-590-5p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma chemoresistance by targeting YAP1 expression,” EBioMedicine, vol. 35, pp. 142–154, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Qu, X. Wen, K. Su, and W. Gou, “MiR-552 promotes the proliferation, migration and EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting AJAP1 expression,” Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1541–1552, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. L. Kai, L. K. Chan, R. C. L. Lo et al., “Down-regulation of TIMP2 by HIF-1α/miR-210/HIF-3α regulatory feedback circuit enhances cancer metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma,” Hepatology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 473–487, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Li, X. Zhao, P. Jiang et al., “HBV is a risk factor for poor patient prognosis after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study,” Medicine, vol. 95, no. 31, article e4224, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. P. Bartel, “MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function,” Cell, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 281–297, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Li, W. Yanfang, J. Li et al., “Tumor-released exosomal circular RNA PDE8A promotes invasive growth via the miR-338/MACC1/MET pathway in pancreatic cancer,” Cancer Letters, vol. 432, pp. 237–250, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. A. Calin and C. M. Croce, “MicroRNA signatures in human cancers,” Nature Reviews. Cancer, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 857–866, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ji, X. Zheng, M. Forgues et al., “Identification of microRNAs specific for epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma,” Hepatology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 829–840, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Toffanin, Y. Hoshida, A. Lachenmayer et al., “MicroRNA-based classification of hepatocellular carcinoma and oncogenic role of miR-517a,” Gastroenterology, vol. 140, no. 5, pp. 1618–1628.e16, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Xu, Q. Zhu, Z. Zhou et al., “MicroRNA-876-5p inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting BCL6 corepressor like 1,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 103, pp. 645–652, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Wang, Y. Xie, X. Li et al., “MiR-876-5p acts as an inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting DNMT3A,” Pathology, research and practice, vol. 214, no. 7, pp. 1024–1030, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Gonzalez-Gonzalez and J. Alonso, “Periostin: a matricellular protein with multiple functions in cancer development and progression,” Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 8, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Morra and H. Moch, “Periostin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: a review and an update,” Virchows Archiv, vol. 459, no. 5, pp. 465–475, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. A. Norris, B. Damon, V. Mironov et al., “Periostin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of connective tissues,” Journal of cellular biochemistry, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 695–711, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Kongkavitoon, P. Butta, A. Sanpavat et al., “Regulation of periostin expression by Notch signaling in hepatocytes and liver cancer cell lines,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 506, no. 3, pp. 739–745, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Liu and L. Du, “Role of pancreatic stellate cells and periostin in pancreatic cancer progression,” Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 3171–3177, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Li, P. Jiang, J. Li et al., “Tumor-derived exosomal lnc-Sox2ot promotes EMT and stemness by acting as a ceRNA in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,” Oncogene, vol. 37, no. 28, pp. 3822–3838, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xu, Z. Li, P. Jiang et al., “The co-expression of MMP-9 and tenascin-C is significantly associated with the progression and prognosis of pancreatic cancer,” Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Nakazawa, Y. Taniyama, F. Sanada et al., “Periostin blockade overcomes chemoresistance via restricting the expansion of mesenchymal tumor subpopulations in breast cancer,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Chen, X. Tian, W. Gong et al., “Periostin mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the MAPK/ERK pathway in hepatoblastoma,” Cancer Biology & Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 89–100, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Y. Pratama, D. Pascut, M. N. Massi, and C. Tiribelli, “The role of microRNA in the resistance to treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma,” Annals of translational medicine, vol. 7, no. 20, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nasr, R. A. Salah, M. Abd Elkodous, S. E. Elshenawy, and N. el-Badri, “Dysregulated microRNA fingerprints and methylation patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma, cancer stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells,” Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, vol. 7, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Scisciani, S. Vossio, F. Guerrieri et al., “Transcriptional regulation of miR-224 upregulated in human HCCs by NFκB inflammatory pathways,” Journal of hepatology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 855–861, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Li, J. Tang, B. Zhang et al., “Epigenetic modification of MiR-429 promotes liver tumour-initiating cell properties by targeting Rb binding protein 4,” Gut, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 156–167, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Yang, Y. Yin, F. Wang et al., “miR-17-5p promotes migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-heat shock protein 27 pathway,” Hepatology, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1614–1623, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Gailhouste, L. Gomez-Santos, K. Hagiwara et al., “miR-148a plays a pivotal role in the liver by promoting the hepatospecific phenotype and suppressing the invasiveness of transformed cells,” Hepatology, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1153–1165, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Gougelet, C. Sartor, L. Bachelot et al., “Antitumour activity of an inhibitor of miR-34a in liver cancer with β-catenin-mutations,” Gut, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1024–1034, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. C. L. Wong, C.–. M. Wong, E. K.–. K. Tung et al., “The microRNA miR-139 suppresses metastasis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by down-regulating Rho-kinase 2,” Gastroenterology, vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 322–331, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. van Renne, A. A. Roca Suarez, F. H. T. Duong et al., “miR-135a-5p-mediated downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta is a candidate driver of HCV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis,” Gut, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 953–962, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. C. Zeng, F. Q. Liu, R. Yan et al., “Downregulation of miR-610 promotes proliferation and tumorigenicity and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma,” Molecular cancer, vol. 13, no. 1, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. H. Tao, J. L. Wan, L. Y. Zeng et al., “miR-612 suppresses the invasive-metastatic cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma,” The Journal of experimental medicine, vol. 210, no. 4, pp. 789–803, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Chang, W. Yan, X. He et al., “miR-375 inhibits autophagy and reduces viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxic conditions,” Gastroenterology, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 177–187.e8, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Xu, J. Zheng, J. Wang, and J. Shao, “miR-876-5p suppresses breast cancer progression through targeting TFAP2A,” Experimental and therapeutic medicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1458–1464, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Bao, L. Lv, J. Feng et al., “MiR-876-5p suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer by directly down-regulating bone morphogenetic protein 4,” Journal of biosciences, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 671–681, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Li, Y. Li, and H. Sun, “MicroRNA-876 is sponged by long noncoding RNA LINC00707 and directly targets metadherin to inhibit breast cancer malignancy,” Cancer management and research, vol. 11, pp. 5255–5269, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Xie, J. Xiao, T. Wang, D. Zhang, and Z. Li, “MicroRNA-876-5p inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting c-Met in osteosarcoma,” Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 3293–3301, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Xu, Z. Yu, Q. Tan et al., “MiR-876-5p regulates gastric cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration through targeting WNT5A and MITF,” Bioscience reports, vol. 39, no. 6, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. O. Riener, F. R. Fritzsche, C. Soll et al., “Expression of the extracellular matrix protein periostin in liver tumours and bile duct carcinomas,” Histopathology, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 600–606, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Pastushenko and C. Blanpain, “EMT transition states during tumor progression and metastasis,” Trends in cell biology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 212–226, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. J. Fidler, S. Yano, R. D. Zhang, T. Fujimaki, and C. D. Bucana, “The seed and soil hypothesis: vascularisation and brain metastases,” The Lancet Oncology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53–57, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Lu, V. M. Weaver, and Z. Werb, “The extracellular matrix: a dynamic niche in cancer progression,” The Journal of cell biology, vol. 196, no. 4, pp. 395–406, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. R. Cox and J. T. Erler, “Molecular pathways: connecting fibrosis and solid tumor metastasis,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 3637–3643, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. W. Jacobs, C. Byrne, G. Colditz, J. L. Connolly, and S. J. Schnitt, “Radial scars in benign breast-biopsy specimens and the risk of breast cancer,” The New England journal of medicine, vol. 340, no. 6, pp. 430–436, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Mossman and A. Churg, “Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of asbestosis and silicosis,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 157, no. 5, pp. 1666–1680, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Kumar, T. Smith, R. Raeman et al., “Periostin promotes liver fibrogenesis by activating lysyl oxidase in hepatic stellate cells,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 293, no. 33, pp. 12781–12792, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Amara, K. Lopez, B. Banan et al., “Synergistic effect of pro-inflammatory TNFα and IL-17 in periostin mediated collagen deposition: potential role in liver fibrosis,” Molecular Immunology, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 26–35, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Chen, X. Shi, T. Luo et al., “The correlations between hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus or extrahepatic metastasis,” European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 373–377, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Tang, H. Yu, L. Zhang et al., “Experimental study on enhancement of the metastatic potential of portal vein tumor thrombus-originated hepatocellular carcinoma cells using portal vein serum,” Chinese Journal of Cancer Research, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 588–595, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Kai Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

431

Downloads

1205

Citations