Screening and Functional Verification of Selectable Marker Genes for <i>Cordyceps militaris</i>

Lou, Haiwei; Zhao, Yu; Zhao, Renyong; Ye, Zhiwei; Lin, Junfang; Guo, Liqiong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6687768

Journal of Food Quality

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Application of Detection and Analysis Technologies for Edible Fungi

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6687768 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6687768

Screening and Functional Verification of Selectable Marker Genes for Cordyceps militaris

Haiwei Lou,^1,2Yu Zhao,¹Renyong Zhao,¹Zhiwei Ye,²Junfang Lin,²and Liqiong Guo²

Academic Editor: Chunpeng Wan

Received18 Oct 2020

Accepted06 Dec 2021

Published27 Dec 2021

Abstract

The selectable marker genes are necessary resistance genes for gene knockout, gene complementation, and gene overexpression in filamentous fungi. Moreover, the more sensitive the filamentous fungi are to antibiotics, the more helpful it is to screen the target transformants. In order to obtain the antibiotic (or herbicide) which can effectively inhibit the growth of Cordyceps militaris and verify the function of the corresponding resistance gene in C. militaris, the sensitivity of C. militaris to hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium was compared to determine the resistance gene that was more suitable for the screening of C. militaris transformants. The binary vector of the selectable marker gene was constructed by combining the double-joint PCR (DJ-PCR) method and the homologous recombination method, and the function of the selectable marker gene in C. militaris was verified by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. The results showed that C. militaris was more sensitive to glufosinate ammonium than hygromycin. The growth of C. militaris could be completely inhibited by 250 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium. The expression cassette of the glufosinate ammonium resistance gene (bar gene) was successfully constructed by DJ-PCR. The binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was successfully constructed by homologous recombination. The bar gene of the vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was successfully integrated into the C. militaris genome and could be highly expressed in the transformants of C. militaris. This study will promote the identification of C. militaris gene function and reveal the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive components in C. militaris.

1. Introduction

Cordyceps militaris is a well-known edible and medicinal fungus that is widely consumed in Southeast Asian countries. As a model species of Cordyceps, C. militaris contains a variety of high-value bioactive ingredients, such as cordycepin [1], pentostatin [2], novel water-soluble pigments [3], ergosterol [4, 5], immunomodulatory proteins [6], and polysaccharides [7]. These ingredients endow C. militaris with anticancer [8], antitumor [9], antioxidation [10], and immunity enhancement [11] properties. Based on the above advantages, the demand for C. militaris has increased year by year. However, due to the low content of bioactive ingredients in C. militaris, it cannot meet the market demand, which leads to a high price of bioactive ingredients in C. militaris. Therefore, scientists have been studying the biosynthetic pathways of C. militaris bioactive ingredients [2, 12], identifying the functions of biosynthetic genes of bioactive ingredients [13, 14] and aiming to improve the content of C. militaris bioactive ingredients by means of genetic engineering.

Gene knockout [15, 16], gene complementation [17], and gene overexpression [16, 18] are often used to identify the gene function of filamentous fungi, but selectable marker genes are required in the above experiments. If strains are sensitive to antibiotics or herbicides, which is helpful for screening target mutants. The hygromycin resistance gene (hph gene) and the glufosinate ammonium resistance gene (bar gene) have been used as selectable marker genes for C. militaris [19, 20]. At the same time, hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium have also been used to screen the transformants of C. militaris, but which antibiotic or herbicide is C. militaris more sensitive to? Up to now, the comparison of hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium on the growth inhibition of C. militaris has not been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine an antibiotic (or a herbicide) that is more effective in inhibiting the growth of C. militaris by comparing the inhibition of hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium on C. militaris. Then, the double-joint PCR (DJ-PCR) method was used to construct an expression cassette of the selectable marker gene, and its binary vector was constructed by homologous recombination. Finally, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) method was used to verify the effectiveness of the binary vector constructed in this study and the function of the related resistance gene in C. militaris. This study will contribute to the identification of C. militaris gene function and the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive components in C. militaris.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Strains and Vectors

Escherichia coli DH5α was used as a host for the construction of the vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar. The C. militaris strain CM10 (GIM5.271) was used to verify the function of the bar gene. The vector pCAMBIA3301 contains the bar gene. The vector pAg1-H3 contains the trpC promoter (PtrpC) and the trpC terminator (TtrpC) derived from Aspergillus nidulans. The binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was reconstructed based on the binary vector pCAMBIA0390 (GenBank: AF234291.1).

2.2. Concentration Gradient Test of Hygromycin and Glufosinate Ammonium

According to previous studies, the concentrations of hygromycin used to screen the transformants of C. militaris are 400 μg/mL [21], 500 μg/mL [22, 23], and 800 μg/mL [24]. Therefore, different concentrations of hygromycin (0 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 400 μg/mL, 600 μg/mL, 800 μg/mL, 1200 μg/mL, 1600 μg/mL, and 2000 μg/mL) were used to inhibit the growth of C. militaris to obtain the minimum concentration of hygromycin that can completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris. The concentrations of glufosinate ammonium used to screen the transformants of C. militaris were 150 μg/mL [25] and 400 μg/mL [23, 26]. Hence, different concentrations of glufosinate ammonium (0 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 225 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL, 350 μg/mL, 400 μg/mL, and 500 μg/mL) were used to inhibit the growth of C. militaris to obtain the minimum concentration of glufosinate ammonium that can completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris.

The C. militaris strain CM10 was inoculated into the PDA medium (200.0 g potato, 20.0 g agar, 10.0 g dextrose, 3.0 g KH₂PO₄, 1.0 g MgSO₄, and constant volume to 1000 mL with distilled water) and cultured at 25°C for 20 days under dark conditions. After activation, the activated C. militaris was cut into pieces of 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm size. Then, the activated pieces of C. militaris were inoculated on the PDA medium containing different concentrations of hygromycin (or glufosinate ammonium) and incubated at 25°C for 20 days under dark conditions. Finally, the inhibitory effect of hygromycin (or glufosinate ammonium) on the growth of C. militaris was observed.

2.3. Construction of the Bar Gene Expression Cassette

According to the results of the concentration gradient test, glufosinate ammonium could completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris. Because the bar gene is the glufosinate ammonium resistance gene, the bar gene expression cassette needs to be constructed in this study. The primer pairs F1/R1 and F3/R3 were used to amplify the promoter PtrpC and the terminator TtrpC from the vector pAg1-H3, respectively. The primer pair F2/R2 was used to amplify the bar gene from the vector pCAMBIA3301. Primers F1 and R3 were used to fuse the promoter PtrpC, the bar gene, and the terminator TtrpC by the DJ-PCR method to obtain the fusion fragment PtrpC-bar-TtrpC (Supplementary Figure S1 and Supplementary Table S1).

2.4. Construction of the Binary Vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar

In order to construct the binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar, the restriction endonuclease Hind III and EcoR I was used to digest the vector pCAMBIA0390, and the linear vector pCAMBIA0390 was obtained. The 5′ and 3′ ends of fusion fragment (PtrpC-bar-TtrpC) are homologous to the two ends of the linear vector pCAMBIA0390, respectively. The One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China) containing homologous recombinase was used to homologous recombine the fusion fragment (PtrpC-bar-TtrpC) and the linear vector pCAMBIA0390 to obtain the recombinant vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar (Supplementary Figure S2). The reaction system and reaction conditions of homologous recombination were carried out according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The fusion fragment (PtrpC-bar-TtrpC) was inserted into the transfer DNA (T-DNA) region of the vector pCAMBIA0390.

2.5. Functional Verification of the Bar Gene in C. militaris

To verify the effectiveness of the vector (pCAMBIA0390-Bar) constructed in this study and the function of the bar gene in C. militaris, the vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was firstly transformed into the competent cells of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL1, and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1-pCAMBIA0390-Bar was obtained. Then, the conidia of the wild-type C. militaris strain CM10 were collected according to the method described by Lou et al. [27]. According to the ATMT method reported by Zheng et al. [21], the conidia of the wild-type C. militaris strain CM10 and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1-pCAMBIA0390-Bar were cocultured in order to integrate the bar gene expression cassette into the genome of the wild-type C. militaris strain CM10. The selective medium contains 300 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium and 300 μg/mL cefotaxime. The transformants of C. militaris on the selective medium were selected and inoculated to a new PDA medium containing 300 μg/mL of glufosinate ammonium for resistance screening. If transformants of C. militaris can grow on the PDA medium containing 300 μg/mL of glufosinate ammonium, they are considered to be resistant to glufosinate ammonium. The genome of C. militaris transformants with resistance to glufosinate ammonium was extracted. Primers F4 and R4 were used to amplify an 836 bp fragment of the bar gene expression cassette from the genome of C. militaris transformants. The PCR products were sequenced to determine whether the bar gene expression cassette was integrated into the genome of the wild-type C. militaris.

The function of the bar gene in C. militaris was further verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using the tef1 gene (GenBank: DQ070019) as the internal control gene [28]. The PCR-positive mutant of C. militaris and the wild-type C. militaris were inoculated on the PDA medium and cultured at 25°C. The mycelia of the PCR-positive mutant and the wild-type C. militaris were obtained by culturing for 20 days under dark conditions and then culturing for 7 days under light conditions. The Fungal RNA Kit (Omega, Stamford, CT, USA) was used to extract the total RNA of C. militaris mycelia, and the TransScript All-in-One First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used for reverse transcription. The primers tef1-F/tef1-R and JCBar-F/JCBar-R were used to detect the expression levels of the tef1 gene and the bar gene, respectively (Supplementary Table S1). The qRT-PCR experiment was performed using the TransStart Tip Green qPCR SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) with a QuantStudio 3 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) according to the method described by Lou et al. [13]. The relative expression level of the bar gene relative to the tef1 gene was calculated using the 2^−∆∆CT method [29]. The qRT-PCR experiment was repeated three times.

3. Results

3.1. Inhibition of Hygromycin and Glufosinate Ammonium on the Growth of C. militaris

C. militaris cultured on the PDA medium without hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium grew well, and the colony diameter of C. militaris was larger (Figures 1 and 2). The colony diameter of C. militaris cultured on the PDA medium containing hygromycin was smaller than that of C. militaris cultured on the PDA medium without hygromycin. With the increase of hygromycin concentration, the colony diameter of C. militaris decreased gradually (Figure 1), which indicated that hygromycin could inhibit the growth of C. militaris. Previous studies showed that 400–800 μg/mL hygromycin could completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris [21–23], but 2000 μg/mL hygromycin still could not completely inhibit the growth of the C. militaris strain CM10 in this study, which might be caused by the difference of C. militaris strains. The C. militaris strain CM10 used in this study was less sensitive to hygromycin. Therefore, hygromycin was not suitable as an antibiotic to screen the transformants of the C. militaris CM10.

With the increase of glufosinate ammonium concentration in the PDA medium, the colony diameter of C. militaris decreased significantly (Figure 2). When the concentration of glufosinate ammonium in the PDA medium reached 250 μg/mL, the growth of C. militaris was completely inhibited, which indicated that C. militaris was sensitive to glufosinate ammonium. Therefore, glufosinate ammonium was suitable as a herbicide for screening C. militaris transformants.

3.2. Construction of the Bar Gene Expression Cassette

The extracted vectors pAg1-H3, pCAMBIA3301, and pCAMBIA0390 are shown in Figure 3. The promoter PtrpC (399 bp), the bar gene (582 bp), and the terminator TtrpC (773 bp) were obtained by PCR amplification. The promoter PtrpC, the bar gene, and the terminator TtrpC were successfully fused by the DJ-PCR method, and the fused bar gene expression cassette (1694 bp) was obtained (Figure 3).

3.3. Construction of the Binary Vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar

The restriction endonuclease Hind III and EcoR I were used to digest the vector pCAMBIA0390, and the linear vector pCAMBIA0390 was obtained (Figure 3). The bar gene expression cassette and the linear vector pCAMBIA0390 were successfully homologous recombined by the homologous recombinase, and the binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was obtained (Figure 3).

3.4. Functional Verification of the Bar Gene in C. militaris

The conidia of C. militaris were round or oval (Figure 4(a)), which was consistent with previous studies [27, 30]. Many white colonies of C. militaris appeared on the selective medium containing 300 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium and 300 μg/mL cefotaxime (Figure 4(b)). The colony of the C. militaris transformant picked from the selective medium grew well on the PDA medium containing 300 μg/mL of glufosinate ammonium, while the growth of the wild-type C. militaris cultured on the PDA medium containing 300 μg/mL of glufosinate ammonium was completely inhibited, which indicated that the transformant of C. militaris picked from the selective medium had glufosinate ammonium resistance (Figure 4(c)). The results of amplification of the bar gene from C. militaris transformants with resistance to glufosinate ammonium are shown in Figure 4(d). The sequencing results of PCR products confirmed that the bar gene was successfully integrated into the genome of C. militaris.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4

Functional verification of the bar gene in C. militaris. (a) Conidia of C. militaris. (b) Colonies of C. militaris on the selective medium containing 300 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium and 300 μg/mL cefotaxime. (c) A C. militaris transformant (left) and a wild-type C. militaris (right) were inoculated on the PDA medium containing glufosinate ammonium (300 μg/mL) and cultured at 25°C for 18 days (including 12 days under dark conditions and 6 days under light conditions). (d) PCR amplification of the bar gene from a randomly selected C. militaris transformant. M:DNA marker; lane 1: 836 bp fragment of the bar gene expression cassette.

The wild-type C. militaris and its transformants grew well on the PDA medium without glufosinate ammonium (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). However, the colony diameter of the C. militaris transformant was smaller than that of the wild-type C. militaris, which indicated that the insertion of the bar gene reduced the growth rate of the C. militaris transformant. In addition, the color difference between the wild-type C. militaris and its transformant might be due to the mutation of genes related to pigment synthesis caused by the insertion of the bar gene. The results of qRT-PCR suggested that the expression of the bar gene were not detected in wild-type C. militaris, which indicated that there was no bar gene in the wild-type C. militaris. However, the relative expression level of the bar gene in the C. militaris transformant was relatively high, which demonstrated that the bar gene expression cassette and the binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar constructed in this study could be effectively applied to C. militaris (Figure 5(c)). Furthermore, the bar gene can be used as a selectable marker gene for C. militaris.

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

Selectable marker genes are indispensable for gene knockout, gene complementation, and gene overexpression. It is well known that the workload of screening target mutants is very large. If the strain is sensitive to antibiotics, the corresponding resistance gene can effectively reduce the workload of screening target mutants. If the strain is less sensitive to antibiotics, a lot of work is needed to screen target mutants. The hph gene and the bar gene have been used as selectable marker genes for C. militaris, but the comparison of the sensitivity of C. militaris to hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium has not been reported. In this study, the inhibitory effects of hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium on the growth of C. militaris were compared for the first time. The bar gene expression cassette was constructed by the DJ-PCR method, and then the binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was constructed by homologous recombination. Furthermore, the bar gene was successfully integrated into C. militaris genome by the ATMT method and the transformant of C. militaris with resistance to glufosinate ammonium was obtained. The bar gene expression cassette constructed in this study could be efficiently expressed in C. militaris transformants.

Hygromycin is an aminoglycosidic antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by disrupting translocation and promoting mistranslation at the 80S ribosome [31]. The hygromycin phosphotransferase encoded by the hph gene can convert hygromycin into phosphorylated products that are not biologically toxic [31]. Based on this, hygromycin has been used as an antibiotic to screen the transformants of C. militaris, and the hph gene has also been used as a selectable marker gene for C. militaris [21, 23, 24]. However, in this study, 2000 μg/mL hygromycin still failed to completely inhibit the growth of the C. militaris strain CM10, which indicated that the C. militaris strain CM10 was less sensitive to hygromycin. Glufosinate ammonium strongly inhibits the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) that can convert to glutamine. The presence of glufosinate ammonium causes cells accumulate , which leads to cell death or growth inhibition. Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase encoded by the bar gene can acetylate the free amino groups of glufosinate ammonium, which makes glufosinate ammonium unable to inhibit the activity of GS [32]. Therefore, glufosinate ammonium has been used as herbicide for screening the transformants of C. militaris, and the bar gene has also been used as a selectable marker gene for C. militaris [26]. Furthermore, 250 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium could completely inhibit the growth of the C. militaris strain CM10 in this study. In addition, we also conducted a concentration gradient test on C. militaris strains CM11 and CM12 and found that 2000 μg/mL hygromycin could not completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris strains CM11 and CM12, while 250 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium could completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris strains CM11 and CM12. Therefore, we believe that C. militaris is more sensitive to glufosinate ammonium than hygromycin. Xiong et al. believed that the concentration of glufosinate ammonium to completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris was 150 μg/mL [25], while Wang et al. suggested that the concentration of glufosinate ammonium to completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris was 400 μg/mL [23], but they were inconsistent with the results of this study, which might be due to the different sensitivity of different C. militaris strains to glufosinate ammonium. Based on this, we believe that it is necessary to conduct a concentration gradient test of glufosinate ammonium to inhibit the growth of C. militaris before the transformation experiment, so as to determine the minimum concentration of glufosinate ammonium that completely inhibits the growth of C. militaris. Furthermore, we believe that an appropriate increase in the concentration of glufosinate ammonium can reduce the appearance of false-positive transformants and the workload of screening target transformants. Therefore, 300 μg/mL of glufosinate ammonium was used to screen the transformants of C. militaris in this study.

Three DNA fragments (such as the promoter PtrpC, the bar gene, and the terminator TtrpC) could be fused in two steps by DJ-PCR [33]. However, it was required that the 5′ end sequences of primers R1 and R2 were homologous with the 5′ end sequences of the bar gene and the terminator TtrpC, respectively, and the 5′ end sequences of primers F2 and F3 were homologous with the 3′ end sequences of the promoter PtrpC and the bar gene, respectively. The length of homologous sequence was about 15 bp. It was worth noting that PCR products needed to be purified after amplifying the three elements (the promoter PtrpC, the bar gene, and the terminator TtrpC). In this way, the influence of primers and DNA templates of the first round of PCR on DJ-PCR could be avoided. In order to avoid base mutation, it was necessary to use high fidelity DNA polymerase and reduce the cycle times of PCR amplification [34].

When restriction endonucleases were used to prepare linear vectors, it was necessary to purify the digestion products to reduce the occurrence of false positive vectors. In the construction of knockout vectors, two homologous sequences are often inserted on both sides of the resistance gene expression cassette. In the construction of a complementary vector or an overexpression vector, one side of the resistance gene expression cassette needs to be inserted with a complementary gene or an overexpression gene. We believed that it was necessary to retain the restriction sites on both sides of the resistance gene expression cassette during the construction of a vector. Therefore, the Hind III and EcoR I sites were retained on both sides of the bar gene expression cassette when the vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was constructed. Because the constructed vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar could be effectively applied to C. militaris, so it can be used to construct target gene knockout vectors, complementary vectors, and overexpression vectors.

5. Conclusions

The sensitivity of C. militaris to hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium was compared for the first time. It was found that C. militaris was more sensitive to glufosinate ammonium, and glufosinate ammonium was more suitable as herbicide for screening the transformants of C. militaris. 250 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium could completely inhibit the growth of C. militaris. The bar gene expression cassette and the binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar were efficiently constructed by the DJ-PCR method and the homologous recombination method, respectively. The bar gene of the vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was successfully integrated into the genome of C. militaris by the ATMT method, and C. militaris transformants with resistance to glufosinate ammonium were obtained. It was confirmed that the bar gene was more suitable as a selectable marker gene for C. militaris. This study will promote the identification of the functions of C. militaris genes and reveal the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive components in C. militaris.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Gang Liu and Yuan-Yuan Pan from Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for providing the vector pAg1-H3. This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772373, 31801918, and 31572178) and the High-Level Talents Foundation of Henan University of Technology (2020BS001).

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Table S1. Primers used to construct the bar gene expression cassette and analysis of mutants. Supplementary Figure S1. Construction of the bar gene expression cassette by the DJ-PCR method. Supplementary Figure S2. Construction of the binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar. (Supplementary Materials)

References

Z.-L. Yi, W.-F. Huang, Y. Ren et al., “LED lights increase bioactive substances at low energy costs in culturing fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 175, pp. 139–143, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xia, F. Luo, Y. Shang, P. Chen, Y. Lu, and C. Wang, “Fungal cordycepin biosynthesis is coupled with the production of the safeguard molecule pentostatin,” Cell Chemical Biology, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1479–1489, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Tang, C. Chen, Y. Zou et al., “Purification and structural characterization of a novel natural pigment: cordycepene from edible and medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 103, no. 19, pp. 7943–7952, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S.-J. Huang, C.-P. Lin, J.-L. Mau, Y.-S. Li, and S.-Y. Tsai, “Effect of UV-B irradiation on physiologically active substance content and antioxidant properties of the medicinal caterpillar fungus Cordyceps militaris (ascomycetes),” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 241–253, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Nallathamby, L. Guan-Serm, S. Vidyadaran, S. N. Abd Malek, J. Raman, and V. Sabaratnam, “Ergosterol of Cordyceps militaris attenuates LPS induced inflammation in BV2 microglia cells,” Natural Product Communications, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 885-886, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Yang, Y. Yin, G. Yu et al., “A novel protein with anti-metastasis activity on 4T1 carcinoma from medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 80, pp. 385–391, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhu, H. Zhang, Y. Liu, J.-S. Zhang, X. Gao, and Q. Tang, “Effect of culture time on the bioactive components in the fruit bodies of caterpillar mushroom, Cordyceps militaris CM-H0810 (ascomycetes),” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1107–1114, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-C. Wu, S.-T. Chen, J.-C. Chang et al., “Radical scavenging and antiproliferative effects of cordycepin-rich ethanol extract from brown rice-cultivated Cordyceps militaris (ascomycetes) mycelium on breast cancer cell lines,” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 657–669, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X.-C. Liu, Z.-Y. Zhu, Y.-L. Liu, and H.-Q. Sun, “Comparisons of the anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides from fermented mycelia and cultivated fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris in vitro,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 130, pp. 307–314, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S.-J. Huang, F.-K. Huang, A. Purwidyantri, A. Rahmandita, and S.-Y. Tsai, “Effect of pulsed light irradiation on bioactive, nonvolatile components and antioxidant properties of caterpillar medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris (ascomycetes),” International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 547–560, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Bi, Y. Jing, Q. Zhou et al., “Structural elucidation and immunostimulatory activity of a new polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris,” Food and Function, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 279–293, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-W. Lou, Y. Zhao, H.-B. Tang et al., “Transcriptome analysis of Cordyceps militaris reveals genes associated with carotenoid synthesis and identification of the function of the Cmtns gene,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 10, p. 2105, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-W. Lou, Y. Zhao, B.-X. Chen et al., “Cmfhp gene mediates fruiting body development and carotenoid production in Cordyceps militaris,” Biomolecules, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 410, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Katrolia, X. Liu, Y. Zhao, N. K. Kopparapu, and X. Zheng, “Gene cloning, expression and homology modeling of first fibrinolytic enzyme from mushroom (Cordyceps militaris),” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 146, pp. 897–906, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-Z. Mei, Y.-L. Zhu, P.-W. Huang, Q. Yang, and C.-C. Dai, “Strategies for gene disruption and expression in filamentous fungi,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 103, no. 15, pp. 6041–6059, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Zhang, L. Xu, S. Yuan et al., “NGT1 is essential for N-acetylglucosamine-mediated filamentous growth inhibition and HXK1 functions as a positive regulator of filamentous growth in Candida tropicalis,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 11, p. 4036, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. X. Vu, H. H. Vu, G. T. Nguyen et al., “A newly constructed agrobacterium-mediated transformation system revealed the influence of nitrogen sources on the function of the LaeA regulator in Penicillium chrysogenum,” Fungal Biology, vol. 123, no. 11, pp. 830–842, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Yoshioka, K. Kobayashi, and K. Kirimura, “Overexpression of the gene encoding alternative oxidase for enhanced glucose consumption in oxalic acid producing Aspergillus niger expressing oxaloacetate hydrolase gene,” Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 172–176, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhang, F. Wang, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, and C. Dong, “CmVVD is involved in fruiting body development and carotenoid production and the transcriptional linkage among three blue-light receptors in edible fungus Cordyceps militaris,” Environmental Microbiology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 466–482, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Wang, R. Wang, Y. Wang et al., “Diverse function and regulation of CmSnf1 in entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris,” Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 142, Article ID 103415, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Zheng, C. Huang, L. Cao, C. Xie, and R. Han, “Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation as a tool for insertional mutagenesis in medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris,” Fungal Biology, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 265–274, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Yang, M. Guo, H. Yang, S. Guo, and C. Dong, “The blue-light receptor CmWC-1 mediates fruit body development and secondary metabolism in Cordyceps militaris,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 743–755, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Wang, X. Song, X. Dong, J. Zhang, and C. Dong, “DASH-type cryptochromes regulate fruiting body development and secondary metabolism differently than CmWC-1 in the fungus Cordyceps militaris,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 4645–4657, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Jiang and R. Han, “Rhf1 gene is involved in the fruiting body production of Cordyceps militaris fungus,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1183–1196, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Xiong, Y. Xia, P. Zheng, and C. Wang, “Increasing oxidative stress tolerance and subculturing stability of Cordyceps militaris by overexpression of a glutathione peroxidase gene,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 2009–2015, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B.-X. Chen, T. Wei, Z.-W. Ye et al., “Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 gene disruption system in edible-medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 9, p. 1157, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-W. Lou, Z.-W. Ye, Y.-H. Yu et al., “The efficient genetic transformation of Cordyceps militaris by using mononuclear protoplasts,” Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 243, pp. 307–313, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Lian, T. Yang, G. Liu, J. Sun, and C. Dong, “Reliable reference gene selection for Cordyceps militaris gene expression studies under different developmental stages and media,” FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 356, no. 1, pp. 97–104, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. J. Livak and T. D. Schmittgen, “Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2^−ΔΔCT method,” Methods, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 402–408, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Zheng, Y. Xia, G. Xiao et al., “Genome sequence of the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine,” Genome Biology, vol. 12, no. 11, p. R116, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. J. Stogios, T. Shakya, E. Evdokimova, A. Savchenko, and G. D. Wright, “Structure and function of APH(4)-Ia, a hygromycin B resistance enzyme,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 3, pp. 1966–1975, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. S. Rathore, V. K. Chowdhury, and T. K. Hodges, “Use of bar as a selectable marker gene and for the production of herbicide-resistant rice plants from protoplasts,” Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 871–884, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-H. Yu, Z. Hamari, K.-H. Han, J.-A. Seo, Y. Reyes-Domínguez, and C. Scazzocchio, “Double-joint PCR: a PCR-based molecular tool for gene manipulations in filamentous fungi,” Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 973–981, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Peng, K. Wei, S. Yu et al., “Enhanced specificity of BRAF V600E genotyping using wild-type blocker coupled with internal competitive reference in a single tube,” Clinical Laboratory, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 1731–1740, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2021 Haiwei Lou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

756

Downloads

678

Citations