Abstract
This paper presents a novel design of single-pole four-throw (SP4T) RF-MEMS switch employing both capacitive and ohmic switches. It is designed on high-resistivity silicon substrate and has a compact area of 1.06 mm2. The series or ohmic switches have been designed to provide low insertion loss with good ohmic contact. The pull-in voltage for ohmic switches is calculated to be 7.19 V. Shunt or capacitive switches have been used in each port to improve the isolation for higher frequencies. The proposed SP4T switch provides excellent RF performances with isolation better than 70.64 dB and insertion loss less than 0.72 dB for X-band between the input port and each output port.
1. Introduction
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) with their extremely small dimensions and full integration into the Radio Frequency (RF) front ends of various telecommunication devices have emerged as the most promising technology over the past few decades. There is an increasing demand of devices having extremely high performance at low power consumption and compact size in various satellite, defence, and communication systems. The RF MEMS switches allow for high isolation in open-circuit state, low insertion loss, and high linearity [1], which is very important in RF subsystems. Different types of MEMS single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches have been proposed [2–5] and have provided excellent RF performances. But in modern communication systems, switches are mostly used in the form of switch matrices for signal routing or reconfiguration where a high number of inputs are connected with the corresponding outputs. Previous attempts of development and use of MEMS multithrow RF switches [6–9] rather than the SPST switches as the fundamental blocks have simplified the integration problem of large size switch matrices due to outstanding RF performances, good extendibility of throws, and a symmetrical transmission behavior.
A high isolation, low loss single-pole four-throw (SP4T) switch with a total area of 1.06 mm2 using both metal-contact and capacitive RF MEMS switches is presented in this paper. The signal line is divided into four ports, and the routing of the signal to one of the four output ports is decided by the state of the switches in the respective port and the others. In order to provide high isolation at higher frequencies, a shunt capacitive switch is provided after each ohmic contact switch. The RF performances of the SP4T switch with and without the use of shunt capacitive switches are compared. The symmetrical design of the input port and four output ports allows for its easy extension to more numbers of throws. Such a symmetrical design is also favorable for its application in various communication systems.
2. Design Methodology
The proposed SP4T MEMS switch is comprised of a coplanar waveguide and eight MEMS switches on a silicon substrate [10] as shown in Figure 1. The input signal line is divided into four ports and each one has a series MEMS contact switch and a shunt/capacitive MEMS switch as shown in Figure 2.
is the input port and to are output ports. To route the input signal to one of the output ports, the ohmic contact switch in that port is electrostatically actuated to ON state (down state) and the capacitive switch is kept in up state while the capacitive switches in the other ports are turned OFF (down state) to offer high isolation. The metal contact switch provides the contact between the spliced signal line and the signal is routed to the corresponding output port. Bridges are used to connect the various ground planes.
2.1. Coplanar Waveguide Structure
The basic structure of coplanar waveguide (CPW) comprises of a symmetric arrangement with signal strip width and equal longitudinal gap, . Finite-ground coplanar waveguide (FG-CPW) is used in this design where the ground is not shared by two or more lines and hence results in a lower coupling of the adjacent lines. Coplanar waveguides are preferred as they allow easy surface mounting of the devices (here switches), and the reduced dispersion and radiation loss. Figure 3 shows the two different dimensions of the coplanar waveguide, namely, CPW (A) and CPW (B) as used in this design.
The dimensions for CPW (A) and CPW (B) are specified in Table 1. If is the capacitance per unit length of the line, and is the capacitance per unit length of line in the absence of dielectric layer, then the effective permittivity for finite ground CPW is given by [11] where is the complete elliptical integral of the first kind and the values of and are decided by the geometry of the line as follows:
The thickness of the substrate (500 m) thickness of CPW line (1 m); hence for infinitely thick substrate . The expression for effective permittivity reduces to where is the relative permittivity of the substrate. Further the phase velocity is given by where is the speed of light in free space. The characteristic impedance is given as
The CPW (A) with characteristic impedance value of 50 Ω satisfies the demand of RF input matching and also the size considerations. The dimensions of SP4T switch are given in Table 1.
The dielectric layer used in this proposed SP4T design is of Hafnium Dioxide () with dielectric constant, .
3. Ohmic Contact Switches
3.1. Membrane Designing
Ohmic contact switches are used in this proposed design in conjunction with shunt switches. Figure 4 shows a closer view of metal-contact RF MEMS switch used in the proposed SP4T switch. These switches are placed in series with the single line and have two pull-down electrodes for actuation. Holes are provided in the membrane to lower the spring constant so as the actuation voltage.
The conduction of the signal between the two ends of the RF line depends on the position of the switch membrane above the signal line. Applying bias voltage to the two pull-down electrodes actuates the switch; thus, the membrane is pulled down and two gold contact wedges of 1 m thickness establish the contact between the broken signal lines. When the bias voltage is removed, the membrane restores back to the OFF state; hence, it acts as a mechanical relay. The dimensions of various parts of the metal-contact switch are listed in Table 2. It is further discussed in Section 5; the isolation characteristic depends upon the gap between the broken signal lines as well. But if we approach to increase this gap, then overall dimensions of the switching part also increase. Hence, to improve the isolation, we have used capacitive RF MEMS switch in each arm after the metal-contact switch.
3.2. Spring Constant and Pull-In Voltage Analysis
The spring constant for the metal contact RF MEMS switch with the membrane fixed at the extreme ends is modeled in two parts. The first part, , is due to the rigidity of the movable beam and the other part, , is due to biaxial residual stress in the beam as a result of the fabrication process [1]:
The deflection of the beam at the center is used to determine the spring constant for MEMS switches. In this case, the load is distributed as shown in Figure 5; hence, the deflection is given as where is the load per unit length, so that the total load is
The moment of inertia, , is given as where is the width and is the thickness of the membrane. The part of the spring constant can be computed using
Biaxial residual stress for this proposed design is given by the expression as
By using the approximated value of the spring constant , the pull-in voltage can be calculated numerically as where is the gap height and is the area of the electrode. After putting the value listed in Table 2 in (12), the pull-in voltage is calculated to be V.
4. Capacitive Switches
Shunt capacitive switches are used before each output port to offer high isolation [12] in the proposed SP4T switch design. The capacitive MEMS switch used in each arm is shown in Figure 6.
It has two wide pull-down electrode areas and has a meander based design so as to lower the driving voltage. When DC actuation voltage is applied to the pull-down electrodes, the electrostatic force causes the membrane to collapse on the dielectric layer above the signal line, which largely increases the bridge capacitance. The capacitance couples the signal line to the ground and acts as a short circuit. When the bias voltage is removed, the membrane returns back to its original rest state due to the restoring forces in the membrane. The dimensions of the capacitive switch are shown in Table 3.
4.1. Hafnium Dioxide as a Dielectric Material
The conventional dielectric materials like and used in MEMS switches show dielectric charging phenomenon due to charge trapping in the layer [13]. This can be overcome by the use of high conductivity materials in which charges flow away more easily and for this reason we have used high- dielectric material HfO2 with dielectric constant .
4.2. Perforation in Membrane
Holes with diameter 3 m are provided in the membrane to attain faster switching speeds as they reduce the air damping effect underneath the bridge.
Holes also ease the removal of sacrificial layer during the fabrication process. Moreover, holes also release some of the residual stress in the beam and reduce the mass of the beam resulting in a higher mechanical resonant frequency [1].
5. Electromagnetic Circuit Modeling
As previously discussed, each arm of the SP4T design consists of a series metal-contact and a shunt capacitive switch. Figure 7 shows the equivalent circuit model of one arm of SP4T switch, when the series switch is put to OFF state.
The off-state capacitance of the series metal-contact MEMS switch is composed of two factors: and . is the signal-line coupling capacitance in the OFF state due to the gap between the broken signal lines. is the contact capacitance between the -line and the contact metal of the movable membrane. As in this case we have two contact areas, the OFF-state capacitance of the series switch, is given as
For the capacitive MEMS switch placed in shunt between the -line and the ground, the shunt impedance is given by
The value of capacitance depends on the position of the membrane above the signal line. When the membrane is in the up state the capacitance is given as where is the fringing field capacitance. The capacitance of the shunt switch in down state is given as
The resonant frequency of the switch is given as
The switch behaves as a capacitor below the resonant frequency and as an inductor above the resonant frequency. At resonance, the switch behaves as a resistance in the circuit.
6. RF Performance Analysis
6.1. Isolation Performance
The simulation to obtain the isolation between the input port and the output ports is done using commercially available EM modeler. The SP4T switch is enclosed in a vacuum box, so that no environmental factors can affect the results. The simulated results for isolation between the input port and different output ports over a range of frequencies are shown in Figure 8. The well-known dip in the curves is due to the resonance in capacitive switches.
6.2. Comparison of Isolation
Shunt capacitive switches have been applied in each arm to improve the isolation. Figure 9 shows the simulated values of isolation in the OFF state between input port and each output port when the shunt switches are not applied.
Figure 10 shows the comparison between the isolation curves with and without the use of shunt capacitive switches. Hence, the improvement in isolation achieved is clearly observed. Whereas the switch offered an isolation of dB between port P1 and P2 at GHz without the use of shunt switches, the isolation improved to ≈72.5 dB by the inclusion of shunt switches in each port.
6.3. Insertion Loss and Return Loss
The insertion loss offered by the proposed switch when the signal is routed between the input port and one of the output ports over a range of frequencies is shown in Figure 11. The measured insertion losses between the input port and each output port , , , and at GHz are , , , and dB, respectively.
The simulated values of return loss of the SP4T switch between the input port and each output port , , , and at GHz in the ON-state mode are , , , and 7.62 dB, respectively. The graph displaying the return loss over the range of frequencies is shown in Figure 12. From the results it is clear that the designed SP4T switch provides very high isolation by taking benefit from series-shunt configuration.
7. Conclusion
The design and modeling of a RF MEMS SP4T switch based on series-shunt switches has been presented. The proposed switch results in excellent RF performance with isolation better than 72 dB at 8 GHz. Such high isolation has been achieved by the use of shunt capacitive switches in each output port. The switch has a very compact size with a symmetrical arrangement of the switches and the ports, which makes it suitable for application in many communication systems, space systems, and satellites.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.