Keratin from wool is a reactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable material. As the biological structural component of skin (soft keratins) and of nails, claws, hair, horn, feathers, and scales (hard keratins) pure keratin comprises up to 90&#x25; by weight of wool. Wool was treated in alkaline solutions to extract from 68&#x25; to 82&#x25; keratin within 2 to 5 hours of exposure at <svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:30.625px;" id="M1" height="11.225" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.625 11.225" width="30.625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>. The keratin products were water-soluble and were confirmed to contain intermediate filament and microfibrillar component-proteins of fractured, residual cuticle, and cortical cells. Oxidation of wool by peroxycarboximidic acid in alkaline hydrogen peroxide produced keratin products with distinct microcrystalline structures: descaled fibers, fibrous matrices, and lyophilized powders.  Morphology and confirmation of peptide functionality were documented by SEM, Amino Acid Analysis, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF/TOF, and FTIR analyses. The reactivity of keratin from wool models the reactivity of keratin from low-value sources such as cattle hair.

Jeanette M. Cardamone

Alberto Nu&#241;ez

Rafael A. Garcia

Mila Aldema-Ramos

Characterizing Wool Keratin

Phosphatic clay is a by-product of phosphate strip mining, particularly in Florida, USA. This waste material occupies about 100 000 acres of land which could be utilized for other causes. Thus, its use as an alternating cementing material for the addition into the mixing matrix of cement paste and concrete to yield higher strength would be profitable for both materials involved. But the biggest drawback faced is that the phosphatic clay possesses high water holding capacity. The water is thus not available for mixing purposes when added to cement paste and concrete and is thus known as bound water. It is therefore essential to determine the amount of bound water to phosphatic clay which shall not be available for the hydration reaction of cement in cement paste and concrete.

Mahir Dham

Bjorn Birgisson

Andrew J. Boyd

The Determination of Bound Water in Waste Phosphatic Clay

Recently, we have discovered that some chiral Schiff-base nickel(II) complexes induced d-d bands of CD spectra of some achiral copper(II) complexes. However, the novel phenomenon could be observed only a few systems of hybrid materials or limited conditions so far. In order to test conditions about copper(II) ions, we investigated model systems (1) metal-dendrimer (Cu-PAMAM; G4-N<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:17.5px;" id="M1" height="14.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 17.5 14.375" width="17.5"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> terminal) containing relatively small amount of copper(II) ions (4.5 equivalent to PAMAM) for modeling separated systems of achiral copper(II) complex from chiral Schiff-base nickel(II) or zinc(II) complexes, Bis(<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:14.8375px;" id="M2" height="10.325" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.8375 10.325" width="14.8375"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>-1-naphtylethyl-3,5-dichlorosalicydenaminato)nickel(II) or zinc(II) by polymer matrix. (2) equilibrium of copper(II) <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:14.8375px;" id="M4" height="10.325" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 14.8375 10.325" width="14.8375"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>-ethylethylenediamine complexes to measure absorption spectra of d-d band, pH, and electron conductivity during titration of copper(II) ions. The results showed that (1) 4.5Cu-PAMAM could not be induced their d-d bands by the chiral nickel(II) or zinc(II) complexes, which suggested that separation by polymers prevented from inducing CD peaks. (2) Although 36Cu-PAMAM was known, uncoordinated copper(II) ions excess to ligands mainly attributed to increase electron conductivity by remained ions in methanol solutions, which was not associated with intermolecular interaction or dipole moments being effective for the induced CD mechanism by using molecular recognition between neutral molecules of metal complexes.

Takashiro Akitsu

Jun Yamaguchi

Naoki Uchida

Yoshikazu Aritake

The Studies of Conditions for Inducing Chirality to Cu(II) Complexes by Chiral Zn(II) and Ni(II) Complexes with Schiff Base

Quenching and tempering of precision forged components using their forging heat leads to reduced process energy and shortens the usual process chains. To design such a process, neither the isothermal transformation diagrams (TTT) nor the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams from literature can be used to predict microstructural transformations during quenching since the latter diagrams are significantly influenced by previous deformations and process-related high austenitising temperatures. For this reason, deformation CCT diagrams for several tempering steels from previous works have been investigated taking into consideration the process conditions of precision forging. Within the scope of the present work, these diagrams are used as input data for predicting microstructural transformations by means of artificial neural networks. Several artificial neural network structures have been examined using the commercial software MATLAB. Predictors have been established with satisfactory capabilities for predicting CCT diagrams for different degrees of deformation within the analyzed range of data.

Florian Nürnberger

Mirko Schaper

Friedrich-Wilhelm Bach

Iryna Mozgova

Kostjantyn Kuznetsov

Anna Halikova

Olga Perederieieva

Prediction of Continuous Cooling Diagrams for the Precision Forged Tempering Steel 50CrMo4 by Means of Artificial  Neural Networks

We report on a facile method for the preparation of a calcium carbonate aerogel consisting of aggregated secondary vaterite particles with an approximate average diameter of 50&#x2009;nm. It was synthesized via a sol-gel process by reacting calcium oxide with carbon dioxide in methanol and subsequent supercritical drying of the alcogel with carbon dioxide. The resulting monolith was opaque, brittle and had overall dimensions of <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3135pt;width:57.462502px;" id="M1" height="11.2" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 57.462502 11.2" width="57.462502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>&#x2009;cm. It was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption method (BET), and scanning electron microscopy.

Johann Plank

Heinz Hoffmann

Joachim Sch&#246;lkopf

Wolfgang Seidl

Ingo Zeitler

Zheng Zhang

Preparation and Characterization of a Calcium Carbonate Aerogel

Porous metal materials are a new class of materials with low densities, large specific surface, and novel physical and mechanical properties. Their applications are extremely varied: for light weight structural components, for filters and electrodes, and for shock or sound absorbing products. Recently, interesting foaming technology developments have proposed metallic foams as a valid commercial chance; foam manufacturing techniques include solid, liquid, or vapor state methods. The foams presented in this study are produced by Melt Gas Injection (MGI) process starting from melt aluminum. The aim of this investigation is to obtain complex foamed aluminum parts in order to make the MGI more flexible. This new method, called MGI-mould process, makes possible to produce 3D-shaped parts with complicated shape or configuration using some moulds obtained by traditional investment casting process.

R. Surace

L. A. C. De Filippis

E. Niini

A. D. Ludovico

J. Orkas

Morphological Investigation of Foamed Aluminum Parts Produced by Melt Gas Injection

Hom Nath Luitel

Takanori Watari

Toshio Torikai

Mitsunori Yada

Effects of Particle Size and Type of Alumina on the Morphology and Photoluminescence Properties of <svg style="vertical-align:-3.3525pt" height="16.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.800003 16.4" width="74.800003" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x53" d="M409 504l-29 -5q-16 60 -44.5 96t-86.5 36q-54 0 -82.5 -32t-28.5 -77q0 -51 30.5 -82.5t96.5 -65.5l35.5 -18t33 -19.5t33.5 -23.5l27 -25.5t24.5 -32t13.5 -36.5t6 -45q0 -80 -62 -134.5t-160 -54.5q-47 0 -98 15q-22 7 -50 21q-8 23 -27 155l30 7q7 -27 18 -52&#xA;t30 -51.5t49 -42.5t67 -16q56 0 88 32.5t32 87.5q0 51 -31.5 82t-98.5 67q-80 44 -110 73q-55 53 -55 124q0 75 56 126.5t150 51.5q53 0 126 -23z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.018,12.162)"><path id="x72" d="M181 342h2q63 107 121 107q24 0 41 -16t17 -34q0 -34 -32 -49q-17 -7 -26 2q-21 20 -43 20q-20 0 -42 -22t-38 -63v-183q0 -50 12.5 -62t69.5 -16v-26h-230v26q47 5 58 17t11 61v207q0 49 -9 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<p><em>Advances in Materials Science and Engineering </em>publishes research in all areas of materials science and engineering, including the synthesis and properties of materials, and their applications in engineering applications.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Amit Bandyopadhyay, is based at Washington State University and is interested in &nbsp;the fields of additive manufacturing or 3D printing of advanced materials. His current research is focused on metal additive manufacturing, biomedical devices and multi‑materials structures.</p>


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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering publishes research in all areas of materials science and engineering, including the synthesis and properties of materials, and their applications in engineering applications.

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering